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Topic Review
Cellular Mechanisms in Wounds after Photodynamic Therapy
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a photosensitizer designed to destroy cancerous and precancerous cells after light activation. Photosensitizers are activated by a specific wavelength of light energy, usually from a laser. The photosensitizer is nontoxic until it is activated by light. However, after light activation, the photosensitizer becomes toxic to the targeted tissue. Among sensitizers, the topical use of  5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a natural precursor of protoporphyrin IX, a precursor of the heme group, and a powerful photosensitizing agent, represents a turning point for PDT in the dermatological field, as it easily absorbable by the skin. Wound healing requires a complex interaction and coordination of different cells and molecules. Any alteration in these highly coordinated events can lead to either delayed or excessive healing.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Entrepreneurial Conditions and Economic Growth
Scientific consensus agrees that entrepreneurial activity is related to economic growth. The impacts of entrepreneurial framework conditions on economic growth based on the level of economic development in transition-driven economies and innovation-driven economies are assessed. By applying the generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation, researchers found that R&D transfer has a negative impact on economic growth that is innovation-driven, but positively impacts transition-driven economies. The results further highlighted that regardless of the level of development of the country, business and professional infrastructure do not positively impact economic growth. However, taxes and bureaucracy and physical and service infrastructure were shown to positively impact only innovation-driven economies, as in transition-driven economies, they were shown to have negative impacts on economic growth.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Palliative Care
Artificial intelligence (AI) model development for synthetic data generation to improve Machine Learning (ML) methodologies is an integral part of research in Computer Science and is currently being transferred to related medical fields, such as Systems Medicine and Medical Informatics. Palliative care (PC) uses a team-oriented approach to improve the quality of life of patients and their families who are facing problems associated with a life-threatening illness.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
List of Gliders (B)
This is a list of gliders/sailplanes of the world, (this reference lists all gliders with references, where available) Note: Any aircraft can glide for a short time, but gliders are designed to glide for longer.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Monomers Used in the Synthesis of Hydrogels
Natural bio-based monomers derived from plants or animals are widely used in the synthesis of hydrogels and their compounds for the production of biopolymers and biomaterials that are biocompatible, biodegradable, non-toxic and of high porosity, characteristics much sought after in the biomedical field.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Reverse DNS Lookup
In computer networks, a reverse DNS lookup or reverse DNS resolution (rDNS) is the querying technique of the Domain Name System (DNS) to determine the domain name associated with an IP address – the reverse of the usual "forward" DNS lookup of an IP address from a domain name. The process of reverse resolving of an IP address uses PTR records. rDNS involves searching domain name registry and registrar tables. This may be used to try to identify the originator’s domain name to track, for example, a spammer sending spam emails or the domain name of a computer trying to break into a firewall or someone trying to hack the system. It may also be used to determine the name of the internet service provider assigned to a particular IP address. The reverse DNS database of the Internet is rooted in the .arpa top-level domain. Although the informational RFC 1912 (Section 2.1) recommends that "every Internet-reachable host should have a name" and that "for every IP address, there should be a matching PTR record," it is not an Internet Standard requirement, and not all IP addresses have a reverse entry.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Immunosurveillance and Immunoediting
The mechanisms by which immune systems identify and destroy tumors, known as immunosurveillance, have been discussed for decades. However, several factors that lead to tumor persistence and escape from the attack of immune cells in a normal immune system have been found. In the process known as immunoediting, tumors decrease their immunogenicity and evade immunosurveillance. Furthermore, tumors exploit factors such as regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressive cells, and inhibitory cytokines that avoid cytotoxic T cell (CTL) recognition. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Scalable Cell-Free mMIMO Systems
Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF mMIMO) can be considered as a potential physical layer technology for future wireless networks since it can benefit from all the advantages of distributed antenna systems (DASs) and network MIMOs, such as macro-diversity gain, high channel capacity, and link reliability.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Chondrocyte De-Differentiation for Nuclear Alterations
Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a cell therapy to repair cartilage defects. In ACI a biopsy is taken from a non-load bearing area of the knee and expanded in-vitro. The expansion process provides the benefit of generating a large number of cells required for implantation; however, during the expansion these cells de-differentiate and lose their chondrocyte phenotype.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Diversity of Antimicrobial Peptides in Silkworm
Antimicrobial resistance is a phenomenon that the world is witnessing that poses a serious threat to global health. The decline in the development of novel therapeutics over the past has exacerbated the situation further. In this scenario, the pursuit of new alternative therapeutics to commonly used antibiotics has gained predominance amongst researchers across the world. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) from natural sources have drawn significant interest as promising pharmacological substitutes over the conventional antibiotics. The most notable advantage of AMPs is that microorganisms cannot develop resistance to them. Insects represent one of the potential sources of AMPs, which are synthesized as part of an innate immune defence against invading pathogens. AMPs from different insects have been extensively studied, and silkworm is one of them. Diverse classes of AMPs (including attacins, cecropins, defensins, enbocins, gloverins, lebocins and moricins) were identified from silkworm that exhibit antimicrobial property against bacteria, fungi and viruses, indicating their potential therapeutic benefits. 
  • 1.3K
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Adenomyosis and Endometriosis
Both endometriosis and adenomyosis are often referred to as “enigmatic diseases” since understanding their pathogenesis remains elusive. Both endometriosis and adenomyosis are relatively common among women of reproductive age and are leading causes of pelvic pain, infertility, and menstrual disorders. They impact negatively on patients’ quality of life, productivity, and well-being. Endometriosis, and perhaps adenomyosis as well, entails a heavy economic burden to society as a whole. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nanotechnology and Metal Nanoparticles for Wound Healing
Wound healing is an intricate physiological process consisting of a series of molecular and cellular events that facilitate the regeneration of the skin, a protective barrier against the external environment. Since its inception, hydrogels have advanced the field of wound healing, insofar as to promote damaged tissue healing within a hydrated milieu. As well, the integration of therapeutic nanoparticles (NP) and biomolecules into hydrogels for local wound application has been shown to enhance and accelerate healing. 
  • 1.3K
  • 03 Aug 2023
Topic Review
100% Renewable Energy: Concepts and Progresses
Some advanced countries’ rapid population, economic growth, and energy consumption expansion contribute significantly to global CO2 emissions. And while developed countries have achieved 100% universal access to electricity, mainly from non-renewable sources, many developing countries still lack it. This presents challenges and opportunities for achieving the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 and 13 of generating all energy from cleaner or low-carbon sources to reduce CO2 emissions in all countries and combating climate change consequences. Renewable energies have been widely acknowledged to greatly advance this endeavour, resulting in many studies and about 30 countries already with over 70% of their national electricity mix from RE. It has birthed a new paradigm and an emerging field of 100% RE for all purposes, receiving much attention from academia and in public discourse. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) has been defined as delayed onset soreness, muscle stiffness, swelling, loss of force-generating capacity, reduced joint range of motion, and decreased proprioceptive function.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cilia Distal Domain
Eukaryotic cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface to fulfill sensory and motility functions. Their basic structure consists of an axoneme templated by a centriole/basal body. Striking differences in ciliary ultra-structures can be found at the ciliary base, the axoneme and the tip, not only throughout the eukaryotic tree of life, but within a single organism. Defects in cilia biogenesis and function are at the origin of human ciliopathies. This structural/functional diversity and its relationship with the etiology of these diseases is poorly understood. Some of the important events in cilia function occur at their distal domain, including cilia assembly/disassembly, IFT (intraflagellar transport) complexes’ remodeling, and signal detection/transduction. How axonemal microtubules end at this domain varies with distinct cilia types, originating different tip architectures. Additionally, they show a high degree of dynamic behavior and are able to respond to different stimuli. The existence of microtubule-capping structures (caps) in certain types of cilia contributes to this diversity. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Lord Byron
Lord Byron (George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron) is a prominent British Romantic poet (1788–1824) known for his influential literary works, such as Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage and Don Juan, and for his flamboyant lifestyle, political radicalism, and active support of the Greek War of Independence; regarded as a central figure of the Romantic movement and the prototype of the “Byronic hero.”
  • 1.3K
  • 07 May 2025
Topic Review
CD38–Cyclic ADP-Ribose Signal System
Calcium (Ca2+) is a ubiquitous and fundamental signaling component that is utilized by cells to regulate a diverse range of cellular functions, such as insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells of the islets of Langerhans. Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), synthesized from NAD+ by ADP-ribosyl cyclase family proteins, such as the mammalian cluster of differentiation 38 (CD38), is important for intracellular Ca2+ mobilization for cell functioning. cADPR induces Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum via the ryanodine receptor intracellular Ca2+ channel complex, in which the FK506-binding protein 12.6 works as a cADPR-binding regulatory protein.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Interventions for Hemodialysis Patients
The hemodialytic clinic must today be directed towards a greater biocompatibility tecnology , the evaluation of the most valid tools to evaluate the nutritional status of patients on every kind of extracorporeal substitutive treatments. Good nutrition is a cultural background that must represent the daily routine of nephrologists. In our opinion, the loss of amino acids up to 1 kg / year is a good starting point. Many parameters used for nutritional outcomes are uncertain and by now the figure of the nutritionist must support tthe nephrologist from pre-dialysis, to dialysis and also in the course of the transplant.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34
Bacteria are increasingly used for biotechnological applications such as bioremediation, biorecovery, bioproduction, and biosensing. The development of strains suited for such applications requires a thorough understanding of their behavior, with a key role for their transcriptomic landscape. We present a thorough analysis of the transcriptome of Cupriavidus metallidurans CH34 cells acutely exposed to copper by tagRNA-sequencing. C. metallidurans CH34 is a model organism for metal resistance, and its potential as a biosensor and candidate for metal bioremediation has been demonstrated in multiple studies. In total, 7500 transcription start sites (TSSs) were annotated and classified with respect to their location relative to coding sequences (CDSs). Predicted TSSs were used to re-annotate 182 CDSs. The TSSs of 2422 CDSs were detected, and consensus promotor logos were derived. Interestingly, many leaderless messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were found. In addition, many mRNAs were transcribed from multiple alternative TSSs. We observed pervasive intragenic TSSs both in sense and antisense to CDSs. Antisense transcripts were enriched near the 50 end of mRNAs, indicating a functional role in post-transcriptional regulation. In total, 578 TSSs were detected in intergenic regions, of which 35 were identified as putative small regulatory RNAs. Finally, we provide a detailed analysis of the main copper resistance clusters in CH34, which include many intragenic and antisense transcripts. These results clearly highlight the ubiquity of noncoding transcripts in the CH34 transcriptome, many of which are putatively involved in the regulation of metal resistance.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Diabetes Mellitus and Mitochondria Dysfunction
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is characterized by an absolute or relative deficiency of insulin, the hormone that stimulates the transport of glucose across cell membranes, which leads to an increase in blood glucose—hyperglycemia. Two main types of diabetes are distinguished. Type I diabetes mellitus (about 10% of cases of diabetes) is an autoimmune disorder that results from the progressive destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by T cells and activated macrophages and eventually leads to insulin deficiency in the organism. It is well known that type I diabetes most frequently develops in childhood and causes severe long-term complications, including retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy [4,5,6]. Type II diabetes or adult-onset diabetes (about 90% of cases) is characterized by an impairment of homeostasis of glucose and insulin, in particular, the development of insulin resistance of target tissues associated with compensatory hyperinsulinemia, followed by beta-cell dysfunction. Type II diabetes mellitus is accompanied by glucose toxicity, lipotoxicity, and chronic oxidative stress, which finally can result in damage to vital organs and development of life-threatening secondary complications [4,7]. Mitochondria are one of the main targets of diabetes at the intracellular level. Recent data indicate that disturbances in mitochondrial calcium transport systems and a pathophysiological phenomenon called the permeability transition pore are involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
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