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Topic Review
Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults
Cardiometabolic risk (CMR) factors increase the likelihood of developing cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In Qatar, 24% of the total deaths are attributed to CVDs. Several nutritional disturbances have been linked to high risk of CVD. Many studies have discussed the effects of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) on CMR factors; however, evidence has been controversial. This investigated the association between CMR factors and the status of Zn and Cu, in addition to Zn/Cu ratio. A total of 575 Qatari men and women aged 18 years and older were obtained from Qatar Biobank. Plasma levels of Zn and Cu were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Anthropometric data and CMR factors were determined using standard methods. Adjusted associations between trace minerals and CMR were estimated by logistic regression. Partial correlation was performed to test the strength of the associations. Zn was not strongly correlated (p-value ˃ 0.01) or significantly associated with CMR factors and metabolic syndrome (MetS). Cu levels correlated positively with body mass index (BMI) (0.23; p ˂ 0.001), pulse rate (PR) (0.18; p ˂ 0.001), total cholesterol (0.13; p = 0.01), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) (0.27; p ˂ 0.001); and negatively with diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (−0.13; p = 0.01). High plasma Cu significantly decreased the risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) (0.121; p ˂ 0.001). Furthermore, Zn/Cu ratio positively correlated with waist circumference (0.13; p = 0.01), systolic blood pressure (0.13; p ˂ 0.01), and DBP (0.14; p ˂ 0.01); and negatively with BMI (−0.19; p ˂ 0.001), PR (−0.17; p ˂ 0.001), and HDL (−0.27; p ˂ 0.001). High Zn/Cu ratio increased the prevalence of low HDL (4.508; p ˂ 0.001) and MetS (5.570; p ˂ 0.01). These findings suggest that high plasma Cu levels are associated with a protective effect on DBP, HDL and MetS and that high plasma Zn/Cu ratio is associated with the risk of having low HDL and MetS.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Gluten-Free Bread
There is an increasing number of people that sufferhealth problems from the consumption of wheat and other cereals that contain gluten as well as all their derived products. They can experience different health conditions such as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS), wheat allergy or irritable bowel syndrome. Celiac disease is a specific immune response that is caused after consumption of gluten present in wheat, rye, barley and related grains from genetically predisposed patients. On the other hand, wheat allergy is triggered by the consumption of insoluble gliadins of wheat that react with immunoglobulin E (IgE) causing allergy symptoms that could be life-threatening. Contrary to celiac disease, wheat allergy is not reported to cause permanent damage to the gastrointestinal system. For celiac patients and those diagnosed with wheat allergy, the only treatment is to adhere to a very strict diet that does not contain gluten or a wheat-free diet, respectively. Gluten-free products have come into the market in order to alleviate health problems such as celiac disease.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
In Vitro Maturation of Oocytes
In vitro maturation (IVM) of transvaginally aspirated immature oocytes is an effective and safe assisted reproductive treatment for predicted or high responder patients. Currently, immature oocytes are also being collected from the contralateral ovary during laparoscopy/laparotomy and even ex vivo from the excised ovary or the spent media during ovarian tissue preparation prior to ovarian cortex cryopreservation. The first live births from in vitro-matured ovarian tissue oocytes (OTO-IVM) were reported after monophasic OTO-IVM, showing the ability to achieve mature OTO-IVM oocytes. However, fertilisations rates and further embryological developmental capacity appeared impaired. The introduction of a biphasic IVM, also called capacitation (CAPA)-IVM, has been a significant improvement of the oocytes maturation protocol. However, evidence on OTO-IVM is still scarce and validation of the first results is of utmost importance to confirm reproducibility, including the follow-up of OTO-IVM children. Differences between IVM and OTO-IVM should be well understood to provide realistic expectations to patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Agriculture
PGPR promotes plant growth indirectly by preventing phytopathogens by producing metabolites of antimicrobial nature; the production of enzymes such as chitinase, protease, and lipase, which enable lysis of pathogenic bacteria and fungi; and induction of systemic resistance. PGPR produces low molecular weight compounds possessing antimicrobial activity even at low concentrations. Due to these compounds, PGPRs are the first choice among biological control agents for sustainable agriculture.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Metschnikowia bicuspidata
Metschnikowia bicuspidata is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is distributed in marine and freshwater environments worldwide. 
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Avian Orexin
Originally named for its expression in the posterior hypothalamus in rats and after the Greek word for “appetite”, hypocretin, or orexin, as it is known today, gained notoriety as a neuropeptide regulating feeding behavior, energy homeostasis, and sleep. Orexin is a neuropeptide involved in both central and peripheral control of neuroendocrine functions, energy balance, and metabolism. 
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Youth Associations and Entrepreneurship
The development of skills for entrepreneurship among young people has attracted interest at various levels, as a way of overcoming many problems that affect this group in the areas of economic development and job creation. It was possible to verify that youth associations assume a dual role, on the one hand contributing to the personal, social and professional development of its leaders, members and participants, and on the other hand, as a promoter of social transformation, particularly at the local level.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Histopathologic Features of Maculopapular Drug Eruption
Cutaneous adverse drug reaction (CADR) is common in both inpatient and outpatient clinical settings and has been associated with a large variety of medications. Drug reactions represent a significant burden to the healthcare system due to increased hospital stay durations and associated costs. Moreover, some of these reactions may be life-threatening. The most common clinical manifestation of a CADR is a maculopapular drug eruption (MDE). Due to its many clinical mimics and associations with a variety of histopathologic patterns, maculopapular drug eruption is difficult to definitively diagnose from both a clinical and histopathological perspective. Histopathologic criteria for the diagnosis of MDE, while not entirely specific, may aid in establishing a differential that includes a drug eruption. Suggestive features include epidermal spongiosis, mild lymphocytic infiltrate, and occasional necrotic keratinocytes; interface change at the DEJ; superficial perivascular and interstitial lymphocytic with or without eosinophils and neutrophils in the mid-to-deep dermis and mild papillary dermal edema; and dilation of superficial dermal lymph and blood vessels. Moreover, it is important to emphasize that a drug eruption should always be considered in the differential when multiple histopathologic patterns—none of which conform to another precise diagnosis—are present within the same tissue section. Thus, a biopsy can be a helpful diagnostic tool when MDE is suspected by demonstrating findings suggestive of MDE or by ruling out clinical mimics. However, biopsy results cannot be used in isolation as clinical-pathologic correlation is paramount in MDE.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Natural Gas in the Transition of Energy
Natural gas is considered an important bridge in the transition of energy in the world. However, the development and management of unconventional gas now face many challenges.  Natural gas consumption and population have a long-run relationship with CO2 emissions. Consistent with other studies, there is a positive relationship between CO2 emissions and natural gas consumption, GDP, and population.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Weihe River Basin (WRB) Introduction and Governance Process
A river basin is a complete “nature–society–economy” complex system composed of natural factors such as water resources, land, and plants and human factors such as population, society, and economy. The social-ecological system (SES) framework has been put forward, which provides a new direction for the solution of complex problems in river basins. Through the use of common human language, the SES framework enables researchers to more deeply analyze the interaction between variables in the complex social ecosystem so as to form a systematic knowledge accumulation of research results in different fields.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Biochar in the Development of Electrochemical Printed Platforms
Biochar is a pyrolytic material with several environmental benefits such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions, sequestering atmospheric carbon and contrasting global warming. It has moved to the forefront for its conductivity and electron transfer properties, finding applications in the fabrication of electrochemical platforms. In this field, researchers have focused on low-cost biomass capable of replacing more popular and expensive carbonaceous nanomaterials (i.e., graphene, nanotubes and quantum dots) in the realization of sensitive cost-effectiveness and eco-friendly electrochemical tools. 
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Crop Diseases and Pests
Rapid population growth has resulted in an increased demand for agricultural goods. Pests and diseases are major obstacles to achieving this productivity outcome. Therefore, it is very important to develop efficient methods for the automatic detection, identification, and prediction of pests and diseases in agricultural crops. To perform such automation, Machine Learning (ML) techniques can be used to derive knowledge and relationships from the data that is being worked on. 
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Zinc Oxide Doped with Transition Metal Ions
As an excellent semiconductor photocatalyst, zinc oxide is widely used in the field of photocatalysis and is regarded as one of the most reliable materials to solve environmental problems. However, because its band gap energy limits the absorption of visible light and reduces the efficiency of catalytic degradation, it needs to be doped with other substances or compounded with other substances and precious metal. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fiber Attrition and Micro-Voids
A discontinuous fiber-reinforced polymer composite (DFRPC) provides superior mechanical performances in material extrusion additive manufacturing (MEAM) parts, and thus promotes their implementations in engineering applications. The process-induced structural defects of DFRPCs increase the probability of pre-mature failures as the manufactured parts experience complicated external loads. The process-induced fiber length attrition and micro-voids formations in MEAM applications is provided. By gaining a clearer view of the correlations between the MEAM processing parameters, and tooling and the resulting microstructures of produced DFRPCs, it is expected to manufacture composites parts with more preferable mechanical properties via MEAM.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Labdane Diterpenoid-Andrographolide
The diterpene lactone andrographolide, isolated from Andrographis paniculata (Burm.f.) Wall. ex Nees that showed shows a plethora of biological activities, including not only anti-cancer activity, but also anti-inflammatory, anti-viral, anti-bacterial, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory properties. Andrographolide has been shown to act as an anti-tumor drug by affecting specific molecular targets that play a part in the development and progression of several cancer types including breast, lung, colon, renal, and cervical cancer, as well as leukemia and hepatocarcinoma.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Protective Strategies for Magnesium Alloy Vascular Stents
Magnesium alloy stents have been extensively studied in the field of biodegradable metal stents due to their exceptional biocompatibility, biodegradability and excellent biomechanical properties. Nevertheless, the specific in vivo service environment causes magnesium alloy stents to degrade rapidly and fail to provide sufficient support for a certain time. 
  • 1.4K
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Faba Bean Protein Purification Using Membrane Technology
Plant-based proteins are gaining popularity because of their appeal to vegetarians and vegans, alignment with scientific and regulatory recommendations, and the environmental impact associated with livestock production. Several techniques are employed for the separation, isolation, and purification of plant-based proteins including membrane-based separation, diafiltration, centrifugation, chromatography, electrophoresis, micellar precipitation, and isoelectric precipitation.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hooded Seal
The Hooded Seal (Cystophora cristata) is a distinctive marine mammal known for the inflatable, hood-like structure on the males' heads, which they use during courtship displays. Found primarily in the icy waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, these seals are characterized by their silver-gray fur and robust, torpedo-shaped bodies. Hooded Seals are notable for their impressive diving abilities, with individuals capable of descending to depths of over 1,000 meters (3,300 feet) in search of prey.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Imine-Based Adaptive Covalent Chemistry
The imine bond, also referred to as the Schiff base, is one of the reversible covalent bonds that can participate in both associative and dissociative reactions. This opens up possibilities for mechanical and chemical recycling as well as self-healing.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Smart Manufacturing Systems
Smart Manufacturing is considered as a new paradigm that make work smarter and more connected, bringing speed and flexibility through the introduction of digital innovation. Today, digital innovation is closely linked to the “sustainability” of companies. Digital innovation and sustainability are two inseparable principles which are based on the concept of circular economy. Digital innovation enables circular economy model promoting the use of solutions like digital platforms, smart devices, artificial intelligence that help to optimize resources. Thus, the purpose of the research is to present a systematic literature review on what enabling technologies can promote new circular business models.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Apr 2021
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