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Topic Review
Jurimetrics
Jurimetrics is the application of quantitative methods, and often especially probability and statistics, to law. In the United States, the journal Jurimetrics is published by the American Bar Association and Arizona State University. The Journal of Empirical Legal Studies is another publication that emphasizes the statistical analysis of law. The term was coined in 1949 by Lee Loevinger in his article "Jurimetrics: The Next Step Forward". Showing the influence of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., Loevinger quoted Holmes' celebrated phrase that: The first work on this topic is attributed to Nicolaus I Bernoulli in his doctoral dissertation De Usu Artis Conjectandi in Jure, written in 1709.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Biography
William S. McArthur
William Surles McArthur, Jr. (born July 26, 1951) is a retired United States Army colonel and NASA astronaut and a veteran of three Space Shuttle missions and one expedition to the International Space Station via the Russian Soyuz capsule.[1] Born July 26, 1951, and raised in Red Springs, North Carolina, McArthur was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second highest ran
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Masonry in the Context of Sustainable Buildings
The process of combining various parts to create a structure is called building. The most effective and significant component of any construction is masonry. The Colosseum, buildings from ancient Greece and Rome, Central American buildings, and Mycenaean structures all used this material as one of their primary building elements. The oldest form is dry masonry of irregularly shaped stones. The ecological qualities of masonry, as a restorative material with a low impact on the environment, as well as the environmental control capacity of the massive wall, bring masonry back to attention as a suitable material for sustainable building in the context of current concerns for sustainable architecture.
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscle Gene Delivery
Since Jon A. Wolff found skeletal muscle cells being able to express foreign genes and Russell J. Mumper increased the gene transfection efficiency into the myocytes by adding polymers, skeletal muscles have become a potential gene delivery and expression target. Different methods have been developing to deliver transgene into skeletal muscles. Among them, viral vectors may achieve potent gene delivery efficiency. Therefore, non-viral biomaterial-mediated methods with reliable biocompatibility are promising tools for intramuscular gene delivery in situ. A series of advanced non-viral gene delivery materials and related methods have been reported, such as polymers, liposomes, cell penetrating peptides, as well as physical delivery methods.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
α-Syn Structure, Aggregation, and Degradation in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder. The classical behavioral defects of PD patients involve motor symptoms such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity, as well as non-motor symptoms such as anosmia, depression, and cognitive impairment. Pathologically, the progressive loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn)-composed Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) are key hallmarks.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Production of BioH2 Using Microalgae
Demand for clean energy has increased due to the proliferation of climate change impact from excessive emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) from the combustion of fossil fuels. H2 is a clean energy source since water vapor is the only byproduct after its combustion. Growing microalgae offers a promising low-energy and low-cost approach for bioH2 production. Diverse microalgae can generate bioH2, including Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Monoraphidium sp., Platymonas sp., Tetraspora sp., Closterium sp., and Chlamydomonas sp. Even though green microalgae have high potential as a renewable energy source, only about 70 species from more than 30 genera have been researched so far.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
IFN-γ and Intracellular Protozoan Parasites
IFN-γ is an important cytokine in both innate and adaptive immune responses during intracellular parasite infections. Elevated levels of IFN-γ is detected in both experimental animals and human patients following intracellular protozoal infections. An extensive number of studies support a protective role for IFN-γ against the infection of intracellular protozoan parasites, including Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Trypanosoma, Leishmania, while a few studies also indicated that IFN-γ contributes to the pathogenesis of parasite infection.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Transglutaminase
Stabilization and reusability of enzyme transglutaminase (TGM) are important goals for the enzymatic process since immobilizing TGM plays an important role in different technologies and industries. TGM can be used in many applications. Enzyme TGM gained much attention due mainly to its potential for industrial applications. In their earlier uses, TGMs focused mostly on the cheesemaking processes, mainly improving the characteristics of the cheese itself. Later on, beverage properties were being improved by decreasing viscosity and solubility increases, as well as reduction in yoghurt syneresis. Therefore, the majority of investigations of applying TGMs in different processes focused mostly on improving the functional properties of proteins that can be utilized to develop improved food ingredients, such as crosslinked milk powders and high-added food products. Such improvements were also possible due to the different immobilization techniques of TGM.
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Surfactant and the Glycocalyx
Gas exchange in the lung takes place via the air-blood barrier in the septal walls of alveoli. The tissue elements that oxygen molecules have to cross are the alveolar epithelium, the interstitium and the capillary endothelium. The epithelium that lines the alveolar surface is covered by a thin and continuous liquid lining layer. Pulmonary surfactant acts at this air-liquid interface. By virtue of its biophysical and immunomodulatory functions, surfactant keeps alveoli open, dry and clean. What needs to be added to this picture is the glycocalyx of the alveolar epithelium. Here, we briefly review what is known about this glycocalyx and how it can be visualized using electron microscopy. The application of colloidal thorium dioxide as a staining agent reveals differences in the staining pattern between type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells and shows close associations of the glycocalyx with intraalveolar surfactant subtypes such as tubular myelin. These morphological findings indicate that specific spatial interactions between components of the surfactant system and those of the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx exist which may contribute to the maintenance of alveolar homeostasis, in particular to alveolar micromechanics, to the functional integrity of the air-blood barrier, to the regulation of the thickness and viscosity of the alveolar lining layer, and to the defence against inhaled pathogens. Exploring the alveolar epithelial glycocalyx in conjunction with the surfactant system opens novel physiological perspectives of potential clinical relevance for future research.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 May 2021
Topic Review
The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI
Volcanologists have demonstrated that carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes are precursors of volcanic eruptions. Controlling volcanic gases and, in particular, the CO2 flux, is technically challenging, but we can retrieve useful information from magmatic/geological process studies for the mitigation of volcanic hazards including air traffic security. Existing techniques used to probe volcanic gas fluxes have severe limitations such as the requirement of near-vent in situ measurements, which is unsafe for operators and deleterious for equipment. In order to overcome these limitations, a novel range-resolved DIAL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) has been developed as part of the ERC (European Research Council) Project “BRIDGE”, for sensitive, remote, and safe real-time CO2 observations.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Macrophages and Cancer Development
Macrophages are innate immune cells pivotal for tissue homeostasis, removal of superfluous cells, and inflammatory responses to infections. Macrophages also play diverse roles in cancer development, ranging from antitumor activity in early progression stages to, most commonly, tumor-promoting roles in established cancer. Notably, macrophages are highly plastic cells and, depending on the microenvironmental cues in the Tumor Microenvironment (TME), can undergo marked changes in their function. In established cancers, high macrophage infiltration often strongly associates with poor prognosis or tumor progression in many types of solid tumors, including breast, bladder, head and neck, glioma, melanoma, and prostate cancer. Conversely, in colorectal and gastric cancers, high macrophage infiltration correlates with a better prognosis. These apparently opposite effects are likely related to macrophage plasticity and resultant heterogeneity of phenotype and functions in various cancers.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Nymphaea hybrid
Nymphaea hybrid is a perennial aquatic herb of Nymphaea in Nymphaeaceae. It is fragrant, colourful and indispensable as the main plant in features of water purification. Here includes the extraction from Nymphaea hybrid, isolation, structural characterization and evaluation of antioxidant capacity in vitro. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the activation of proinflammatory and metabolic cellular pathways in skeletal muscle cells is an inherent characteristic. Synthetic glucocorticoid intake counteracts the majority of these mechanisms. However, glucocorticoids induce burdensome secondary effects, including hypertension, arrhythmias, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, weight gain, growth delay, skin thinning, cushingoid appearance, and tissue-specific glucocorticoid resistance. Hence, lowering the glucocorticoid dosage could be beneficial for DMD patients. A more profound insight into the major cellular pathways that are stabilized after synthetic glucocorticoid administration in DMD is needed when searching for the molecules able to achieve similar pathway stabilization. This review provides a concise overview of the major anti-inflammatory pathways, as well as the metabolic effects of glucocorticoids in the skeletal muscle affected in DMD. The known drugs able to stabilize these pathways, and which could potentially be combined with glucocorticoid therapy as steroid-sparing agents, are described. This could create new opportunities for testing in DMD animal models and/or clinical trials, possibly leading to smaller glucocorticoids dosage regimens for DMD patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
NiFe Oxide Electrocatalyst
NiFe electrodes are developed for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline electrolyser based on an anion exchange membrane (AEM) separator and fed with diluted KOH solution as supporting electrolyte. This study reports on the electrochemical behaviour of two different NiFe-oxide compositions (i.e., Ni1Fe1-oxide and Ni1Fe2-oxide) prepared by the oxalate method. These catalysts are assessed for single-cell operation in an MEA including a Sustainion™ anion-exchange membrane. The electrochemical polarization shows a current density of 650 mA cm−2 at 2 V and 50 °C for the Ni1Fe1 anode composition. A durability test of 500 h is carried out using potential cycling as an accelerated stress-test. This shows a decrease in current density of 150 mA cm−2 mainly during the first 400 h. The performance achieved for the anion-exchange membrane electrolyser single-cell based on the NiFeOx catalyst appears promising. However, further improvements are required to enhance the stability under these operating conditions.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Regulated Cell Death Modes
Most animal cell types have the ability to undergo turnover at different rates throughout the organism's life span, dying either accidentally or in a deliberate manner. If a cell suffers from irreparable structural or organelle damage, it most likely passively disintegrates and dies. In this case, the plasma membrane ruptures and the noxious intracellular components are released into the extracellular matrix, where they trigger an inflammatory response. However, if a cell sustains non-fatal damage, or if it is too old, contains dysfunctional organelles, has suffered oxidative damage, etc, it is deliberately eliminated through an active, physiologically-regulated process of cell death termed regulated cell death (RCD), which is not accompanied by an inflammatory response. RCD plays beneficial physiological roles in development and in systems maintenance, but can become malignant and lead to pathological conditions when it is impaired, insufficient or in excess.  In the context of liver injury and disease, RCD is pivotal in directing the severity and outcome of the disease. Hepatocyte death is a critical event in the progression of disease due to resultant inflammation, which may lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and other morbidities if not treated in a timely manner.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Portugal Gender Equality and Modernity
The transformations related to the modernisation of Portuguese society triggered by the implementation of democracy did not fully accommodate gender equality. In particular, when we consider the areas where the most progress has been made in keeping with a broadly shared urge for modernisation, education and science; whereas women have contributed to boosting the Portuguese population’s level of education, thus inverting the worst legacy of the dictatorship and developing scientific research, gender inequalities are still visible in highly qualified professions. 
  • 1.4K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Molybdenum to Molybdenum Blue
Molybdenum (Mo) microbial bioreduction is a phenomenon that is beginning to be recognized globally as a tool for the remediation of molybdenum toxicity.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Parameters Affecting Zeolite T Crystallization
Zeolites are well-known porous crystal systems that exist in various sizes (nano-, micro-, etc.) and have been widely incorporated in different applications. They consist of a uniform size of pore distributions which are also known as voids. Voids and cavities within the zeolite system are the factors that contribute to the unique properties of the zeolite. These voids and cavities are controlled by the type of crystals that grow and intergrowth within the zeolite membrane. Nanoporous zeolite T is identified to have within it an intergrowth framework that makes zeolite type T an exceptional species in the zeolite family.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Aurones
Aurones are part of the wide family of polyphenols. More specifically, they may be acknowledged as the lower structural counterparts of the best-known flavones, a subclass of flavonoids.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Women’s Contribution in Computer Science
The presence of women in teams seem to increase collective intelligence, and if those women have decision making positions, success probabilities increase in startups. When women are not involved in designing products and addressing social and political problems, then needs and desires unique to women may be overlooked. 
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Jun 2022
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