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Biography
Florian Bieber
David Florian Bieber (born 4 October 1973) is a Luxembourgian political scientist, historian and professor working on inter-ethnic relations, ethnic conflict and nationalism, focusing primarily on Balkans. In 1991-1992 he studied History, Political Science, Economics and Languages at Trinity College. He received Magister degree in History and Political Science with honors on the topic “Bosn
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Nematode Communities and Soil Health under Climate Change
Soil health is intimately intertwined with ecosystem services. Climate change negatively impacts ecosystem functioning, by altering carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles and shifting nutrient bioavailability, thus hampering food production and exacerbating biodiversity loss. Soil ecosystem services are provided by belowground biota, and as the most abundant metazoans on Earth, nematodes are key elements of soil food webs and reliable bioindicators of soil health. 
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Phonomyography on Perioperative Neuromuscular Monitoring
Muscle contraction by lateral movement of muscle fibers can create acoustic signals with a low frequency, and the signals that occur can be transmitted to the surface of the skin. After collection and filtration, these sound signals will be transferred into electric signals, which can be evaluated quantitatively for perioperative neuromuscular monitoring.
  • 1.4K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Perioperative Right Ventricular Dysfunction in Cardiac Surgery
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction frequently occurs after cardiac surgery and is linked to adverse postoperative outcomes, including mortality, reintubation, stroke, and prolonged ICU stays. While various criteria using echocardiography and hemodynamic parameters have been proposed, a consensus remains elusive. Distinctive RV anatomical features include its thin wall, which presents a triangular shape in a lateral view and a crescent shape in a cross-sectional view. Principal causes of RV dysfunction after cardiac surgery encompass ischemic reperfusion injury, prolonged ischemic time, choice of cardioplegia and its administration, cardiopulmonary bypass weaning characteristics, and preoperative risk factors. Post-left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation RV dysfunction is common but often transient, with a favorable prognosis upon resolution. There is an ongoing debate regarding the benefits of concomitant surgical repair of the RV in the presence of regurgitation. According to the literature, the gold standard techniques for assessing RV function are cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and hemodynamic assessment using thermodilution. 
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  • 04 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Targeting Ferroptosis for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a major challenge in perioperative medicine that contributes to pathological damage in various conditions, including ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction, acute lung injury, liver transplantation, acute kidney injury and hemorrhagic shock. I/R damage is often irreversible, and current treatments for I/R injury are limited. Ferroptosis, a type of regulated cell death characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides, has been implicated in multiple diseases, including I/R injury. Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis can serve as a therapeutic target to alleviate I/R injury, and pharmacological strategies targeting ferroptosis have been developed in I/R models.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cancer Cell Fusion
"A major challenge in treating cancer is posed by intratumor heterogeneity, with different sub-populations of cancer cells within the same tumor exhibiting therapy resistance through different biological processes. These include therapy-induced dormancy, apoptosis reversal (anastasis), and cell fusion. Unfortunately, such responses are often overlooked or misinterpreted as “death” in commonly used preclinical assays.This entry highlights the dark side of cell fusion in metastasis and therapy resistance of solid tumors."
  • 1.4K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Inherited Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes (IBMFS) are a group of cancer prone genetic diseases characterized by hypocellular bone marrow with impairment in one or more hematopoietic lineages. The pathogenesis of IBMFS involves mutations in several genes which encode for proteins involved in DNA repair, telomere biology and ribosome biogenesis. Unofrtunately, no pharmacological therapies have been developed for IBMFS so far and bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell transplant remains the unique option to correct bone marrow failure and prevent myeloid neoplasia.
  • 1.4K
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
This entry mainly describes the patent ductus arteriosus(PDA) in preterm infants with a special focus on it's effect on pulmonary vasculature. It also reviews the role of cardiac catheterization as a diagnostic tool to evaluate the hemodynamic effects of a longstanding large PDA. It introduces the possible management strategies available in the cardiac catheterization laboratory for a preterm infants with a PDA and pulmonary hypertension. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Oct 2020
Topic Review
LEAP Motion Technology and Psychology
Technological advancement is constantly evolving, and it is also developing in the mental health field. Various applications, often based on virtual reality, have been implemented to carry out psychological assessments and interventions, using innovative human–machine interaction systems. In this context, the LEAP Motion sensing technology has raised interest, since it allows for more natural interactions with digital contents, via an optical tracking of hand and finger movements. 
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Lattice Boltzmann Method: Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear engineering requires computationally efficient methods to simulate different components and systems of plants. The Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM), a numerical method with a mesoscopic approach to Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) derived from the Boltzmann equation and the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution, can be an adequate option.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Flavonoids for Breast Cancer
Breast cancer persists as a diffuse source of cancer despite persistent detection and treatment. Flavonoids, a type of polyphenol, appear to be a productive option in the treatment of breast cancer, because of their capacity to regulate the tumor related functions of class of compounds. Plant polyphenols are flavonoids that appear to exhibit properties which are beneficial for breast cancer therapy. Numerous epidemiologic studies have been performed on the dynamic effect of plant polyphenols in the prevention of breast cancer. There are also subclasses of flavonoids that have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic activity. These can regulate the scavenging activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which help in cell cycle arrest and suppress the uncontrolled division of cancer cells. Numerous studies have also been performed at the population level, one of which reported a connection between cancer risk and intake of dietary flavonoids. Breast cancer appears to show intertumoral heterogeneity with estrogen receptor positive and negative cells.
  • 1.4K
  • 01 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Geodiversity and Geoconservation in Central America
Central America is located in a dynamic region where tectonics and volcanism together with the tropical climate and its diverse vegetation have shaped the landscapes. 
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Automated Tracking Systems for Assessment of Farmed Poultry
One of the most commonly farmed livestock is poultry and their significance is felt on a global scale. Current poultry farming practices result in the premature death and rejection of billions of chickens on an annual basis before they are processed for meat. This loss of life is concerning regarding animal welfare, agricultural efficiency, and economic impacts. The best way to prevent these losses is through the individualistic and/or group level assessment of animals on a continuous basis. On large-scale farms, such attention to detail was generally considered to be inaccurate and inefficient, but with the integration of artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted technology individualised, and per-herd assessments of livestock became possible and accurate.
  • 1.4K
  • 15 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Hepatitis B Virus Nucleocapsid
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small enveloped DNA virus which replicates its tiny 3.2 kb genome by reverse transcription inside an icosahedral nucleocapsid, formed by a single ~180 amino acid capsid, or core, protein (Cp). HBV causes chronic hepatitis B (CHB), a severe liver disease responsible for nearly a million deaths each year. Dynamic changes in Cp chemical modification and capsid conformation are crucial in the viral life-cycle and represent a promising new antiviral target.
  • 1.4K
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Smart Grid perspective Related to Electric Vehicle
Smart grids (SG) is a concept that has been modernizing the energy sector since it allows to establish a bidirectional communication infrastructure, allowing to improve the control, efficiency, and quality of service of power systems.
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Photoacoustic-Based Communication and Localization
The photoacoustic mechanism is commonly used in medical imaging. Yet, it has great potential as a means of air to underwater communication. The use of photoacoustic as a cross-medium communication has high potential to morph the classical way of approaching a solution in underwater applications.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Management System (Open Source)
Management System (Open Source) is a socio-technical system that leverages the cumulative knowledge of management practitioners and evidenced based research from the past 130 years. The system was developed by DoD components in partnership with industry experts and academic researchers and builds off of the US Department of Wars version 1.0 open source management system - Training Within Industry. The system integrates the four organizational components of Product, Structure, Process and People. In addition, the system is based on the 4 capabilities of rapid problem solving underlying the Toyota Production System: Derived from the original research of Steven J. Spear (Harvard Business School, Massachusetts Institute for Technology), the system balances the two dimensions of high performing organizations: integrate the whole (product, structure, process & people); and increase the rate of problem solving to manage the whole (4 capabilities outlined above). Fundamentally, the system sets the standards of management by outlining a doctrine of rules, tactics, techniques, procedures & terms. The standards are intended to motivate change by creating a tension between the organization's "current condition" and the "ideal condition" (i.e. True North). The objective of the system is to deliver more value, in less time, at less cost relative to the competition (better, faster, cheaper). For the DoD, competition is defined by the threats posed by current and potential adversaries.
  • 1.4K
  • 02 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Iron-Series Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting
The development of non-noble metal-based electrocatalysts with high performance for hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction is highly desirable in advancing electrocatalytic water-splitting technology but proves to be challenging. One promising way to improve the catalytic activity is to tailor the d-band center. This approach can facilitate the adsorption of intermediates and promote the formation of active species on surfaces.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bacterial Laccases as Biocatalysts for Environmental Toxic Pollutants
Laccases are the potential enzymes for oxidoreductases (a broad group of enzymes that catalyze electron transfers from one molecule to another), which are widely distributed in nature in plants, bacteria, fungi, and insects. They are suitable for green catalysis, organic synthesis, and the biodegradation of environmental xenobiotics due to their high efficiency and sustainable applications. A wide variety of organic compounds can be oxidized by laccase, and they can be widely applied in the biodegradation of pollutants for detoxification of environments, such as delignification and pulp-bleaching, treatment of textile dyes, wastewater treatment, and treatment of other environmental xenobiotics.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Advanced Drug Delivery for Treating Sjögren’s Dry Eye
Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic and insidious autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands. Patients typically present with dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), dry mouth (xerostomia), and other systemic manifestations. The current management for Sjögren's syndrome dry eye (SSDE) has been ineffective as it only targets ocular surface inflammation and dryness without addressing the specific disease process. Ophthalmologists often adopt a trial-and-error approach, which allows the cycle of dry eye disease (DED) to progress and potentially cause permanent damage to the lacrimal functional unit. Topical treatments also depend on patients' ability to administer eye drops and their compliance. These limitations emphasize the need for personalized, targeted treatments that address the underlying pathophysiology of SSDE. This article aims to present new advances in ocular drug delivery for more effective treatment.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Feb 2023
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