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Topic Review
Environmental Levels of Polychlorinated Diphenyl Ethers
Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are a class of synthetic halogenated aromatic compounds, which have gradually attracted widespread attention due to potential environmental risks to humans and ecosystems.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Double-Row Pile Supporting Structure
Double-row pile supporting systems are mainly used in temporary engineering as a protection measure to ensure the smooth construction of the underground section of the main part of the structures and the safety of the environment around the foundation pit. During the process of urbanization, the density of high-rise, super-high-rise, and underground buildings in cities has increased, and the utilization rate of underground space has been increasing. Influenced by the foundation of adjacent structures and the complex underground environment, the double-row pile supporting structure has attracted wide attention. Based on the existing single-row pile, and by adding a row of piles behind it, the double-row pile supporting structure evolves from this. The double-row pile structure is mainly composed of the front pile, the back pile, the crown beam, and the connecting beam.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Minimally Invasive Capsule Panendoscopy
In the early 2000s, the introduction of single-camera wireless capsule endoscopy (CE) redefined small bowel study. Progress continued with the development of double-camera devices, first for the colon and rectum, and then, for panenteric assessment. Advancements continued with magnetic capsule endoscopy (MCE), particularly when assisted by a robotic arm, designed to enhance gastric evaluation.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Aristotelia chilensis (Maqui Berry)
The Aristotelia chilensis (Mol.) Stuntz, also known as Maqui, is an endemic berry native to southern Chile. It is a very popular berry for its nutritional attributes and health benefits, provided mainly by its polyphenols.
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Mar 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Biorefinery Based on Multiple Raw Materials and Wastes for the Production of Energy: A Proposal Tailored to Southwestern Europe
In this entry, the possibility of the implementation of a biorefinery based on multiple raw materials (from agricultural wastes, vegetable oils, etc.) is covered, pointing out the available technology to interconnect different processes so that the atom economy of the process is as high as possible, reducing the environmental impact and improving the efficiency of the energy or products obtained. For this purpose, this model is based on previous works published in the literature. The role of biorefineries is becoming more and more important in the current environmental scenario, as there is a global concern about different environmental issues such as climate change due to GHG emissions, among others. In this sense, a biorefinery presents several advantages such as the use of natural raw materials or wastes, with high atom economy values (that is, all the products are valorized and not released to the environment). As a consequence, the concept of a biorefinery perfectly fits with the Sustainable Development Goals, contributing to the sustainable growth of different regions or countries, regardless of their stage of development. The aim of this entry is the proposal of a biorefinery based on multiple raw materials, using different technologies such as transesterification to produce both biodiesel and biolubricants, steam reforming to produce hydrogen from glycerol or biogas, hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge to produce hydrochar, etc. As a result, these technologies have potential for the possible implementation of this biorefinery at the industrial scale, with high conversion and efficiency for most processes included in this biorefinery. However, there are some challenges like the requirement of the further technological development of certain processes. In conclusion, the proposed biorefinery offers a wide range of possibilities to enhance the production of energy and materials (hydrogen, biodiesel, biolubricants, different biofuels, hydrochar, etc.) through green technologies, being an alternative for petrol-based refineries.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Semantic Support of Cultural Heritage
The usage of semantics is not new in cultural heritage disciplines. They are commonly used to define standards for meta-, para-, and provenance information for documenting and archiving. Examples of such standards are LIDO and MIDAS Heritage. These XML schema standards are still used in cultural heritage. In recent years, however, the emergence of the Semantic Web has provided the much-required boost to semantic frameworks and technologies. It also dictates how semantics are defined and used today. Techniques and tools that formalize semantics through formalized knowledge representations have become the norm in different fields applying semantics.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Grief Iconography
Is the evolving practice of online posting of photographs and images, often accompanied by emotional comments about deceased loved ones. It is frequently used to express mourning and sorrow, maintain a continuing bond with the deceased, cope with grief, pay homage to the deceased  and provide the mourner opportunities to receive empathic support from other users. Grief iconography is observable across various Social Network Sites and various cultures (see Cupit, Sapelli, & Testoni, 2021). This practice may be considered as the online evolution of past visual displays of loss and grief,  such as post-mortem photography or mourning portraits.
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Molecular Pathways Involved in the Regulation of BCBM
Brain metastasis is one of the major reasons of death in breast cancer (BC) patients, significantly affecting the quality of life, physical activity, and interdependence on several individuals. The tendency to develop breast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) differs by the BC subtype, varying from almost half with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) (HER2− ER− PR−), one-third with HER2+ (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive, and around one-tenth with luminal subclass (ER+ (estrogen positive) or PR+ (progesterone positive)) breast cancer. 
  • 1.4K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
“Orange” Wine
“Orange” wine, a product derived from white grapes, encapsulates the intriguing allure of ancient winemaking methods that trace their roots back to Georgia. The method enables an elevated presence of phenolic compounds, which can have a favorable influence on the sensory characteristics of the wines or their behavior during oxidative processes.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Vulvovaginal Candidosis
Vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) is a frequently occurring infection of the lower female genital tract, mostly affecting immuno-competent women at childbearing age. Candida albicans is the most prevalent pathogenic yeast—apart from other non-albicans species—related to this fungal infection. Different virulence factors of C. albicans have been identified, which increase the risk of developing VVC. To initiate treatment and positively influence the disease course, fast and reliable diagnosis is crucial. In this narrative review, we cover the existing state of understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnosis of VVC. However, treatment recommendations should follow current guidelines.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss Syndrome
Gorlin-Chaudhry-Moss syndrome is a condition that affects many parts of the body. The signs and symptoms of this disorder are apparent from birth or infancy.
  • 1.4K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Gyrate Atrophy
Gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina, which is often shortened to gyrate atrophy, is an inherited disorder characterized by progressive vision loss. People with this disorder have an ongoing loss of cells (atrophy) in the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye, and in a nearby tissue layer called the choroid. During childhood, they begin experiencing nearsightedness (myopia), difficulty seeing in low light (night blindness), and loss of side (peripheral) vision. Over time, their field of vision continues to narrow, resulting in tunnel vision. Many people with gyrate atrophy also develop clouding of the lens of the eyes (cataracts). These progressive vision changes lead to blindness by about the age of 50.
  • 1.4K
  • 04 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
According to literature, around 80% of the world’s total energy demand is supplied either through fuel-based sources such as oil, gas, and coal or through nuclear-based sources. Literature also shows that a shortage of fossil fuels is inevitable and the world will face this problem sooner or later. Moreover, the remote and rural areas that suffer from not being able to reach traditional grid power electricity need alternative sources of energy. A “hybrid-renewable-energy system” (HRES) involving different renewable resources can be used to supply sustainable power in these areas. The uncertain nature of renewable energy resources and the intelligent ability of the neural network approach to process complex time series inputs have inspired the use of ANN methods in renewable energy forecasting. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
CfDNA Sequencing
Cell free circulating DNA (cfDNA) refers to DNA fragments present outside of cells in body fluids such as plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CfDNA was first identified in 1948 from plasma of healthy individuals. Afterward, studies showed that the quantity of this cfDNA in the blood was increased under pathological conditions such as auto-immune diseases but also cancers.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Biliary Tract Cancers
Biliary tract carcinomas (BTCs) are a heterogeneous group of malignancies arising from the epithelial lining of the bile ducts or gallbladder.
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Smartphone-Based Biosensor Devices for Healthcare
Electrochemical biosensors are undoubtedly the most popular among POC devices due to their high sensitivity, simplicity, low cost, and reliability. The development of these electrochemical devices has continued to grow exponentially since Clark designed the first enzymatic glucose biosensor, which was then improved and became the most commercialized healthcare biosensor. Electrochemical biosensors that use smartphones received great attention as they use a friendly semi-automated user interface with minimum extra tailored hardware. They can also be used at home, offering an interesting, cost-effective alternative.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Beauveria bassiana Secondary Metabolite Gene Expression in Insects
Entomopathogenic fungi are extensively used for the control of insect pests worldwide. Among them, Beauveria bassiana (Ascomycota: Hypocreales) produce a plethora of toxic secondary metabolites that either facilitate fungal invasion or act as immunosuppressive compounds.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Freezing of Gait
Parkinson Disease (PD) primarily affects older adults. It is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. Freezing of Gait (FoG) is a symptom present in approximately 80% of advanced-stage PD’s patients. FoG episodes alter the continuity of gait, and may be the cause of falls that can lead to injuries and even death. The recent advances in the development of hardware and software systems for the monitoring, stimulus, or rehabilitation of patients with FoG has been of great interest to researchers because detection and minimization of the duration of FoG events is an important factor in improving the quality of life. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Obesity Properties of Polyphenols
The prevalence of obesity has steadily increased around the world over the past three decades. Polyphenols can be considered nutraceuticals and food supplements recommended for different syndromes. Polyphenols are a class of naturally occurring phytochemicals, some of which have been shown to modulate the physiological and molecular pathways involved in energy metabolism. Polyphenols could act in the stimulation of β-oxidation, in the inhibition of the differentiation of adipocytes, in counteracting oxidative stress, etc.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Moser–De Bruijn Sequence
In number theory, the Moser–De Bruijn sequence is an integer sequence named after Leo Moser and Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn, consisting of the sums of distinct powers of 4, or equivalently the numbers whose binary representations are nonzero only in even positions. These numbers grow in proportion to the square numbers, and are the squares for a modified form of arithmetic without carrying. No two doubled sequence members differ by a square, and every non-negative integer has a unique representation as the sum of a sequence member and a doubled sequence member. This decomposition into sums can be used to define a bijection between the integers and pairs of integers, to define coordinates for the Z-order curve, and to construct inverse pairs of transcendental numbers with simple decimal representations. A simple recurrence relation allows values of the Moser–De Bruijn sequence to be calculated from earlier values, and can be used to prove that the Moser–De Bruijn sequence is a 2-regular sequence.
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Oct 2022
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