Anti-Obesity Properties of Polyphenols

Version	Summary	Created by	Modification	Content Size	Created at	Operation
1		Stefania D'Angelo	--	3273	2022-09-04 12:28:09	\|
2	None	Stefania D'Angelo	-81 word(s)	3192	2022-09-23 11:27:05	\| \|
3	format correct	Catherine Yang	-2 word(s)	3190	2022-09-26 03:24:07	\|

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ijms21165642

The prevalence of obesity has steadily increased around the world over the past three decades. Polyphenols can be considered nutraceuticals and food supplements recommended for different syndromes. Polyphenols are a class of naturally occurring phytochemicals, some of which have been shown to modulate the physiological and molecular pathways involved in energy metabolism. Polyphenols could act in the stimulation of β-oxidation, in the inhibition of the differentiation of adipocytes, in counteracting oxidative stress, etc.

polyphenols obesity antioxidants oxidative stress

1. Actions of some polyphenols

Curcumin (Figure 1) is the most bioactive polyphenol in Curcuma longa, a plant usually consumed as a spice in India and other Asian states. It has been used for thousands of years in an Ayurveda medicine, which means "science of long life", and the earliest records of turmeric as a useful medicine date back to 3000 BC. Curcumin exerts several biological functions, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenesis , in various organs, including adipose tissue ^[1]^[2]. There is substantial evidence on the efficacy of curcumin in stimulating β-oxidation, inhibiting fatty acid synthesis and reducing fat accumulation ^[3]^[4].

Figure 1. The major sources of curcumin and its chemical structure (keto form).

A number of preclinical and clinical investigations have shown the beneficial effect of curcumin in attenuating body weight gain, improving insulin sensitivity, and preventing diabetes development ^[5]^[6]^[7]. Unlike the studies on the effects of curcumin in cells or animals, studies on obese subjects are limited. The first clinical trial using curcumin for obesity treatment was conducted by Mohammadi et al. ^[8]. In this study, obese subjects were treated with a commercial formulation of curcumin (1 g/day) supplemented with a bioavailability enhancer, piperine, for a month. Although there were no changes in weight, BMI, or body fat, serum triglyceride levels were significantly decreased after curcumin treatment, indicating the improvement of insulin actions ^[8] (Table 1). In another randomized study, Ganjali and Sahebkar showed that 30-day treatment of curcumin (500 mg/day) reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-4 of obese individuals ^[9], indicating the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin in obesity therapy. Moreover, oral curcumin supplementation (1 g/day for 30 days) was effective in reducing oxidative stress burden in obese individuals [67]. A randomized control trial conducted by Di Pierro et al. ^[10], among overweight people affected by metabolic syndrome, showed the ability of curcumin to reduce weight and omental adipose tissue. Curcumin supplementation had beneficial effects on body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, high-density lipoprotein levels, and triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein ratio in overweight and obese female adolescents ^[11] (Table 1).

Table 1. Anti-obesity actions of curcumin, quercetin, and resveratrol.

POLYPHENOL	Human Trials	Effects	References *
Curcumin	Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial 30 obese individuals 30-day treatment of curcumin (1 g/day)	= Weight, BMI, % of Body fat ↓ TG	^[8]
	Randomized crossover trial 30 obese individuals 30-day treatment of curcumin 1 g/day for 4 weeks	↓ Serum levels of VEGF ↓ IL-1 β e IL-4	^[12]
	Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial 30 obese individuals Curcumin supplementation (1 g/day for 30 days)	↓ Oxidative stress burden	^[13]
	Randomized, controlled study. 44 overweight subjects 30 days with curcumin	↑ Weight loss ↓↓ % of Body fat ↑ Waistline reduction ↓↓ Hip circumference ↓↓ BMI	^[14]
	Randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial 60 Overweight and obese female adolescents. 500 mg tablet per day (95% curcumin)	↓ BMI ↓ Waist circumference ↓ Hip circumference ↓ LDL	^[15]
Quercetin	Double-blind crossover study overweight-obese subjects 150 mg/d quercetin for 8 weeks	↓ Waist circumference↓ Postprandial systolic blood pressure ↓ TG	^[16]
Quercetin	Double-blinded, placebo-controlled cross-over trial 70 Overweight-to-obese subjects 162 mg/d quercetin 6-week treatment periods	↓ Ambulatory blood pressure	^[17]
Resveratrol	Randomized double-blind crossover study 11 obese men 150 mg/day resveratrol for 30 days	↓ Insulin, Plasma Fatty Acids, ↓ TG, Glucose, Leptin	^[18]
Resveratrol	11 healthy obese men 30 days (150 mg resveratrol/day)	↓ Adipocyte size	^[19]

* Anti-obesity human studies. IL: InterLeukin; BMI: Body Mass Index; TG: TriGlyceride; LDL: High Density Lipoprotein; VEGF: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor.

Overall, these research studies show that curcumin applies anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory actions in part through adipose tissue, by decreasing adiposity, lipid storage, and enhancing lipid oxidation ^[20]. Although curcumin has been used in clinical trials, its multifaceted pharmacological nature, its pharmacokinetics, and its side effects in obesity therapy need to be carefully investigated. The recommended maximum daily usage of curcumin is 1 mg/kg body weight by a joint report of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization ^[21]. Moreover, a few studies showed that the chronic use of curcumin can cause some upset ^[22]. Recent studies suggest that the metabolic effects of curcumin are linked to changes in the gut microbiota. However, research into curcumin continues to provide novel insights into metabolic regulation that may ultimately translate into effective therapy ^[23].

Quercetin (Figure 2) is one of the major flavonoids, and one of the most potent antioxidants of plant origin. It is found in many foods, including vegetables, such as onions, garlic, and ginger, fruit, such as apples, and wine. Although many in vitro and in vivo studies focused on the beneficial effects of quercetin in obesity, there are only a limited number of human studies and clinical trials that have been performed to evaluate the effects of quercetin on obesity treatment ^[20]^[24]^[25]. A study evaluated the effects of taking quercetin in overweight obese subjects with various apolipoprotein E genotypes; the quercetin (150 mg/day/subject) decreased the waist circumference and triacylglycerol concentration ^[26]. Quercetin supplementation improved some risk factors of cardiovascular disease, yet exerted slightly pro-inflammatory effects ^[26]. One hundred and sixty-two milligrams per day quercetin supplementation lowers ambulatory blood pressure in overweight-to-obese patients, suggesting a cardio protective effect of this polyphenol ^[27] (Table 1).

Figure 2. Chemical structure and major sources of quercetin.

Although quercetin suppressed oxidative stress in obese animal models, Shanely et al. reported that quercetin has no effect on oxidative stress and antioxidant (500 or 1000 mg/day/subject for 12 weeks) in obese subjects ^[28].

Currently, a clinical trial that is still under phase II stage investigation, is investigating whether quercetin changes the absorption of glucose by the body in obese subjects ^[29]. Future research needs to further investigate the bioactive effects and bioavailability of quercetin.

Resveratrol (RE) (Figure 3) is a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in over 70 plant species and is highly concentrated in the skin of red grapes. Tea, berries, pomegranates, nuts, blueberries, and dark chocolate contain this polyphenol at varying concentrations ^[30]. RE exhibit a plethora of therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant ^[31]. RE was discovered to be an activator of sirtuin 1, an important molecular target regulating cellular energy metabolism and mitochondrial homeostasis. An important target of RE is adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), suggesting that it can play a role in regulating energy homeostasis; by activating AMPK, RE exerts a lipid-lowering effect. RE has potential anti-obesity effects by inhibiting differentiation and decreasing proliferation of adipocytes, decreasing lipogenesis, and promoting lipolysis and β-oxidation ^[32].

Figure 3. Chemical structure and major sources of resveratrol.

While the effects of RE have been widely studied in animal models ^[33]^[34], few clinical studies have been performed, and the results are inconclusive. Moreover, contrary to the substantial preclinical findings of beneficial metabolic effects of RE in an obesity or inflammation setting, the outcome of human clinical trials of resveratrol effects on obesity-related morbidities have been inconsistent. In a cross-over study, Timmers et al. showed that 150 mg/day of RE treatment increased energy expenditure, reduced serum inflammatory markers, and decreased adipose tissue lipolysis and plasma fatty acid and glycerol levels of obese men ^[35]. In another study, Konings et al. investigated the effects of 30 days RE treatment (150 mg/day) on the adipocyte size and gene expression patterns in obese men. The authors found that RE treatment decreased the size of abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes ^[36] (Table 1). Some beneficial effects have also been observed in some clinical trials, although many discrepancies and conflicting information exist ^[37]. Arzola-Paniagua et al. ^[38] observed not significant decreases in BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, triglycerides, leptin, and leptin/adiponectin ratio in obese individual’s treated with resveratrol therapy. RE treatment did not improve inflammatory status, glucose homeostasis, blood pressure, nor hepatic lipid content in middle-aged men with metabolic syndrome. On the contrary, it significantly increased total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol ^[39]. RE is used combined with other phytochemicals, too. For example, twelve weeks of combined epigallocatechin-3-gallate and RE supplementation increased mitochondrial capacity and stimulated fat oxidation in obese humans ^[40].

However, another report showed that high levels of RE supplementation treatment had no effect on energy expenditure, adipose tissue content, and metabolic events. A clinical trial by Poulsen et al. did not seem to support the anti-obesity potential of RE in obese men; no effect was seen on blood pressure, resting energy expenditure, oxidation rates of lipid, ectopic or visceral fat content, or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers ^[41]. It has been observed that RE presents a dose–response hormesis in the biological models in which it has been tested, affecting several outcomes with medical and therapeutic significance ^[42].

Evidence from these limited clinical studies combined with the results from in vitro and animal studies indicate that potential anti-obesity effects of RE may be achieved through dietary supplementation. The differing results could be due to the variable doses selected in the assays and to the different clinical backgrounds of the study subjects. However, the optimal doses and study period for the anti-obesity potential of RE remain to be determined ^[20]^[39].

2. Actions of Some Polyphenolic-Food

More numerous are the clinical studies in which the anti-obesity effect of extracts of polyphenolic foods is analyzed.

Many foods, such as apples, blueberries, gooseberries, grape seeds, kiwi, strawberries, green tea, red wine, beer, cacao liquor, chocolate, and cocoa, are rich in polyphenols. The effects of green tea extract (GTE) on obesity have received increasing attention. GTE is rich in polyphenols, including epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), epicatechin, epigallocatechin, and epicatechin-gallate: a 2-g bag of green tea contains about 500 mg of catechins ^[43]. Since the 1990s, green tea is seen as a natural herb that can enhance energy expenditure and fat oxidation, thereby inducing weight loss. In a double-blind study, 46 obese patients received either 379 mg of green tea extract. Three months of GTE supplementation resulted in decreases in body mass index, waist circumference, levels of total cholesterol, low-density cholesterol, and triglyceride. Increases in total antioxidant levels and serum concentrations of zinc and magnesium were also observed. These findings demonstrated that green tea could influence the body’s mineral status, and they showed the beneficial effects of green tea extract supplementation on body mass index, lipid profile, and total antioxidant status in patients with obesity ^[44]. In another study, 12 weeks of treatment with high-dose GTE resulted in significant weight loss, reduced waist circumference, and a consistent decrease in total cholesterol and LDL plasma levels without any side effects or adverse effects in women with obesity. The antiobesity mechanism of high-dose green tea extract might be associated in part with ghrelin secretion inhibition, leading to increased adiponectin levels ^[45]^[46]. Results of randomized, controlled intervention trials have shown that consumption of GTE (270 mg to 1200 mg/day) may reduce body weight and fat ^[47]. Almost all of the studies conducted with Asian subjects have shown positive results about the anti-obesity effects of tea extract; on the other hand, studies with Caucasian subjects reported mixed results ^[48]. There are several proposed mechanisms whereby GTE may influence body weight and composition. Green tea also contains caffeine, and there is probably a synergistic action between the different molecules. The fact that an EGCG–caffeine mixture stimulates energy expenditure cannot be completely attributed to its caffeine content because the thermogenic effect of an EGCG–caffeine mixture is greater than that of an equivalent amount of caffeine ^[49]. The predominating hypothesis is that GTE influences sympathetic nervous system activity, increasing energy expenditure and promoting the oxidation of fat. Other potential mechanisms include modifications in appetite, up-regulation of enzymes involved in hepatic fat oxidation, and decreased nutrient absorption ^[47].

In conclusion, cellular and animal studies have shown that dietary supplementation with green tea extract is a potentially viable nutritional strategy for the prevention of obesity. However, the efficacy of green tea remains unclear ^[50]. The low bioavailability of GTE along with potential confounders may have contributed to the inconsistent outcome of human studies ^[51]. Human trials of course have greater reproducibility difficulties. The discrepancies among the studies employing green tea may be due to the varieties of study designs, the length of study, age and gender of subjects, the ethnicity of subjects, the formulations of green tea supplement, and the presence or absence of weight control factors (i.e., caffeine, exercise, low-caloric diet). While few epidemiological and clinical studies show the health benefits of EGCG on obesity, the mechanisms of its actions are emerging based on the various laboratory data. These mechanisms may be related to certain pathways, such as through the modulations of energy balance, endocrine systems, food intake, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, the redox status, and activities of different types of cells (i.e., fat, liver, muscle, and beta-pancreatic cells) ^[52].

Citrus fruits and their juices are natural sources of many bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids and carotenoids, and their properties, such as antioxidant power, derives from these molecules, too ^[53]. Particularly, grapefruit and bergamot are rich in citrus flavonoids, including naringenin, hesperitin, nobiletin, and tangeretin, which have emerged as potential therapeutics for the treatment of metabolic deregulation ^[54]. In obese humans, 1/2 grapefruit (49 mg naringenin) three times daily for 8 to 12 weeks reduced body weight and waist circumference ^[55]. Improvements were observed in circulating lipids, with total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein significantly decreasing ^[55]. Grapefruit should be further evaluated in the context of obesity and cardiovascular disease prevention.

Orange juice consumption can promote lower levels of oxidative stress and inflammation due to the antioxidant activity of citrus flavonoids, too. Red orange juice was effective in reducing metabolic markers and inflammatory markers in human subjects ^[56], but it does not inhibit weight loss. It ameliorated the insulin sensitivity, lipid profile ^[57], and inflammatory status, as well as contributes nutritionally to the quality of the diet ^[58]. The authors suggest the consumption of freshly squeezed orange juice, without added sugars, as part of a controlled diet in obese women; the combination with increasing physical activity for maintaining a healthy body weight through healthier food choices could improve the comorbidities related to the obesity ^[57].

It is opportune encouraging the consumption of whole fruits and replacing packaged fruit juices with fresh fruit juices or plain water, as part of a broader set of dietary strategies to reduce total dietary energy intake in adult populations.

The apple is rich in polyphenols, such as hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, dihydrochalcones, and anthocyanidins; the 22% of the dietary phenolic ingested comes from the apples. Daily consumption of apple for 4 weeks increased antioxidant enzymes in an elderly population, likely because of the presence of flavonoids ^[59]. Apples are associated with decreased risk of obesity in children according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2003–2010) ^[60]. Dried apple can be recommended as a snack for overweight and obese children thanks to its high-fiber and polyphenol content ^[61]. Thirty-eight overweight or obese children consumed 120 kcal serving per day of either dried apple or a control snack (muffin) for 8 weeks; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased within the apple group. Some intervention clinical trials with an apple juice showed a significant reduction in body fat mass but not in body weight, BMI, nor waist circumference ^[62]. Future research should evaluate the effects of consuming fresh apples that include the peel ^[61].

The onion is rich in quercetin. A study showed that 12-week of onion extract intake decreased body weight, percentage of body fat, and BMI of 10 female students ^[63]. The consumption of onion peel extract improves endothelial function in healthy overweight and obese individuals ^[27]^[64]. Moreover, Lee et al. demonstrated that onion (100 mg/day/subject) significantly decreased the total body fat, particularly in the percentage of fat in the arm, and decreased the BMI of overweight or obese subjects ^[65].

Soybean (Glycine max), an East Asian legume, has been approved as a health-promoting food because of its effects in prevention of metabolic disorders, such as hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes ^[66]^[67]. These beneficial effects are supposed to be exerted by constituents, such as unsaturated fats, fiber, the high content of protein, and isoflavones ^[68]. Isoflavones, i.e., genistein, daidzen, and glycetin, have comparable chemical structures to endogenous estrogens and are believed to interact with intracellular estrogen receptors, which results a possible action in decreases in lipids accumulation and adipose distribution. Both animal and human studies have shown the effect of dietary soy on weight control and prevention of obesity ^[66]. Studies have revealed that isoflavones are involved in the inhibition of adipogenesis and lipogenesis by interrelating with several transcription factors and upstream signaling molecules ^[69]. Although the biological mechanisms that cause the actions of soy isoflavones and numerous effects remain unknown, it is noteworthy that isoflavones exhibit pleiotropic properties in the human body to control metabolism and balance, which may potentially inhibit and treat obesity ^[69]. Various studies show a role of soy in improving health; it causes a decrease in cholesterol, triglycerides, and adiposity, it acts on improving inflammatory response and defense against cancer, osteoporosis, and menopause. Positive soybean actions on inflammation have been reported; soy extract constrain secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6) and decrease the inflammatory responses in adipocytes ^[70]. Eighty-seven obese postmenopausal women took soy extract daily, corresponded to 80 mg of isoflavones. After 6 months, serum leptin and TNF-alpha levels declined, and a significant increase of serum levels of adiponectin was detected ^[71]. Soy-isoflavones studies showed that this extract may reduce body mass index in women, especially in dosages <100 mg/d and in intervention periods of 2–6 mo. In addition,, a trend for reduced BMI after their consumption was observed in Caucasians. Overall, results showed that soy-isoflavones extract may have different impacts on weight status ^[72]. Overweight human subjects were treated with black soybean extract. This randomized clinical study showed reduction in abdominal fat, cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and LDL levels, with decreasing TNF-α and MCP-1 levels ^[73]. Studies in obesity models have demonstrated that dietary soy-isoflavones significantly reduced body weight and fat pad weight. It was shown that sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 SREBP1 transcription factor expression and its other target genes (acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, ATP-citrate lyase, and FASN) were reduced by soy isoflavones. Overall, available studies prove that soy-isoflavones decrease adiposity and inflammation, by decreasing lipogenesis, adipogenesis, and improving lipid clearance; they are capable of decreasing oxidative stress and may contribute in metabolic enhancements in obesity.

The search for polyphenolic extracts with antiobesity activity is always active, always new phytochemicals are proposed. Artemisia princeps, the Korean mugwort, is a common edible plant native to Korea, Japan, and China. In Western and African folk medicine, several species of the genus Artemisia are used for their claimed healing properties and for the cure of specific ailments. The early in vitro antiobesity-effects ^[74] of Artemisia could be due to the presence of active compounds, such as terpenes, steroids, and saponins, and also the active ingredients, such as tannins and flavonoids ^[75]. Physalis alkekengi, also referred to as ground cherry, is an indigenous herb in Iran and many other regions of Asia such as China. Preliminaries studies have reported presence of several active compounds, including secosteroids called physalins, and flavonoids ^[76]^[77]. Single compounds found in Physalis alkekengi should be studied separately to identify the main compound exerting in vivo antiobesity properties ^[78]. Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) fruit is native to China, and its cultivation extends to other part of East Asia, including Japan, where it is very popular, and it has high proanthocyanidin-type content ^[79]. Persimmon fruits possess high levels of dietary fiber, vitamin C, catechin, and gallocatechin ^[80]; they exert beneficial effects on obesity by inhibiting adipogenesis and reducing lipid synthesis and accumulation by regulation of lipid-related transcription factors in the white adipose tissue of obese mice ^[81].

References

Strimpakos, A.S.; Sharma, R.A. Curcumin: Preventive and therapeutic properties in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Antioxid. Redox. Sign. 2008, 10, 511–545.
Aggarwal, B.B. Targeting inflammation-induced obesity and metabolic diseases by curcumin and other nutraceuticals. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2010, 30, 173–199.
Jayarathne, S.; Koboziev, I.; Park, O.H.; Oldewage-Theron, W.; Shen, C.L.; Moustaid-Moussa, N. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Properties of Food Bioactive Components: Effects on Adipose Tissue. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2017, 22, 251–262.
Bradford, P.G. Curcumin and obesity. Biofactors 2013, 39, 78–87.
Ramirez-Bosca, A.; Soler, A.; Carrion, M.A.; Diaz-Alperi, J.; Bernd, A.; Quintanilla, C.; Quintanilla Almagro, E.; Miquel, J. An hydroalcoholic extract of curcuma longa lowers the apo B/apo A ratio. Implications for atherogenesis prevention. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2000, 119, 41–47.
Ramirez Boscáa, A.; Soler, A.; Carrión-Gutiérrez, M.A.; Pamies Mira, D.; Pardo Zapata, J.; Diaz-Alperi, J.; Bernd, A.; Quintanilla Almagro, E.; Miquel, J. An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2000, 114, 207–210.
Panahi, Y.; Hosseini, M.S.; Khalili, N.; Naimi, E.; Soflaei, S.S.; Majeed, M.; Sahebkar, A. Effects of supplementation with curcumin on serum adipokine concentrations: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2016, 32, 1116–1122.
Mohammadi, A.; Sahebkar, A.; Iranshahi, M.; Amini, M.; Khojasteh, R.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M.; Ferns, G.A. Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: A randomized crossover trial. Phytother. Res. 2013, 27, 374–379.
Strimpakos, A.S.; Sharma, R.A. Curcumin: Preventive and therapeutic properties in laboratory studies and clinical trials. Antioxid. Redox. Sign. 2008, 10, 511–545.
Aggarwal, B.B. Targeting inflammation-induced obesity and metabolic diseases by curcumin and other nutraceuticals. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2010, 30, 173–199.
Jayarathne, S.; Koboziev, I.; Park, O.H.; Oldewage-Theron, W.; Shen, C.L.; Moustaid-Moussa, N. Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Obesity Properties of Food Bioactive Components: Effects on Adipose Tissue. Prev. Nutr. Food Sci. 2017, 22, 251–262.
Ganjali, S.; Sahebkar, A.; Mahdipour, E.; Jamialahmadi, K.; Torabi, S.; Akhlaghi, S.; Ferns, G.; Parizadeh, S.M.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. Investigation of the effects of curcumin on serum cytokines in obese individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 898361.
Sahebkar, A.; Mohammadi, A.; Atabati, A.; Rahiman, S.; Tavallaie, S.; Iranshahi, M.; Akhlaghi, S.; Ferns, G.A.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. Curcuminoids modulate pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance but not the immune response to heat shock protein 27 and oxidized LDL in obese individuals. Phytother. Res. 2013, 27, 1883–1888.
Di Pierro, F.; Bressan, A.; Ranaldi, D.; Rapacioli, G.; Giacomelli, L.; Bertuccioli, A. Potential role of bioavailable curcumin in weight loss and omental adipose tissue decrease: Preliminary data of a randomized, controlled trial in overweight people with metabolic syndrome. Preliminary study. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. 2015, 19, 4195–4202.
Saraf-Bank, S.; Ahmadi, A.; Paknahad, Z.; Maracy, M.; Nourian, M. Effects of curcumin on cardiovascular risk factors in obese and overweight adolescent girls: A randomized clinical trial. Sao Paulo Med. J. 2019, 137, 414–422.
Pfeuffer, M.; Auinger, A.; Bley, U.; Kraus-Stojanowic, I.; Laue, C.; Winkler, P.; Rüfer, C.E.; Frank, J.; Bösch-Saadatmandi, C.; Rimbach, G.; et al. Effect of quercetin on traits of the metabolic syndrome, endothelial function and inflammation in men with different APOE isoforms. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2013, 23, 403–409.
Brüll, V.; Burak, C.; Stoffel-Wagner, B.; Wolffram, S.; Nickenig, G.; Müller, C.; Langguth, P.; Alteheld, B.; Fimmers, R.; Naaf, S.; et al. Effects of a quercetin-rich onion skin extract on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-) hypertension: A randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2015, 114, 1263–1277.
Timmers, S.; Konings, E.; Bilet, L.; Houtkooper, R.H.; van de Weijer, T.; Goossens, G.H.; Hoeks, J.; van der Krieken, S.; Ryu, D.; Kersten, S.; et al. Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans. Cell Metab. 2011, 14, 612–622.
Konings, E.; Timmers, S.; Boekschoten, M.V.; Goossens, G.H.; Jocken, J.W.; Afman, L.A.; Müller, M.; Schrauwen, P.; Mariman, E.C.; Blaak, E.E. The effects of 30 days resveratrol supplementation on adipose tissue morphology and gene expression patterns in obese men. Int. J. Obes. 2014, 38, 470–473.
Bradford, P.G. Curcumin and obesity. Biofactors 2013, 39, 78–87.
Ramirez-Bosca, A.; Soler, A.; Carrion, M.A.; Diaz-Alperi, J.; Bernd, A.; Quintanilla, C.; Quintanilla Almagro, E.; Miquel, J. An hydroalcoholic extract of curcuma longa lowers the apo B/apo A ratio. Implications for atherogenesis prevention. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2000, 119, 41–47.
Ramirez Boscáa, A.; Soler, A.; Carrión-Gutiérrez, M.A.; Pamies Mira, D.; Pardo Zapata, J.; Diaz-Alperi, J.; Bernd, A.; Quintanilla Almagro, E.; Miquel, J. An hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa lowers the abnormally high values of human-plasma fibrinogen. Mech. Ageing Dev. 2000, 114, 207–210.
Panahi, Y.; Hosseini, M.S.; Khalili, N.; Naimi, E.; Soflaei, S.S.; Majeed, M.; Sahebkar, A. Effects of supplementation with curcumin on serum adipokine concentrations: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2016, 32, 1116–1122.
Mohammadi, A.; Sahebkar, A.; Iranshahi, M.; Amini, M.; Khojasteh, R.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M.; Ferns, G.A. Effects of supplementation with curcuminoids on dyslipidemia in obese patients: A randomized crossover trial. Phytother. Res. 2013, 27, 374–379.
Ganjali, S.; Sahebkar, A.; Mahdipour, E.; Jamialahmadi, K.; Torabi, S.; Akhlaghi, S.; Ferns, G.; Parizadeh, S.M.; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M. Investigation of the effects of curcumin on serum cytokines in obese individuals: A randomized controlled trial. Sci. World J. 2014, 2014, 898361.
Zhao, Y.; Chen, B.; Shen, J.; Wan, L.; Zhu, Y.; Yi, T.; Xiao, Z. The Beneficial Effects of Quercetin, Curcumin, and Resveratrol in Obesity. Oxid. Med. Cell Longev. 2017, 2017, 1459497.
WHO. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives; WHO Technical Report Series, 891; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2000.
Dhillon, N.; Aggarwal, B.B.; Newman, R.A.; Wolff, R.A.; Kunnumakkara, A.B.; Abbruzzese, J.L.; Ng, C.S.; Badmaev, V.; Kurzrock, R. Phase II trial of curcumin in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 15, 4491–4499.
Jin, T.; Song, Z.; Weng, J.; Fantus, I.G. Curcumin and other dietary polyphenols: Potential mechanisms of metabolic actions and therapy for diabetes and obesity. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018, 314, E201–E205.
Chen, S.; Jiang, H.; Wu, X.; Fang, J. Therapeutic Effects of Quercetin on Inflammation, Obesity, and Type 2 Diabetes. Mediators Inflamm. 2016, 2016, 9340637.
Nabavi, S.F.; Russo, G.L.; Daglia, M.; Nabavi, S.M. Role of quercetin as an alternative for obesity treatment: You are what you eat! Food Chem. 2015, 179, 305–310.
Pfeuffer, M.; Auinger, A.; Bley, U.; Kraus-Stojanowic, I.; Laue, C.; Winkler, P.; Rüfer, C.E.; Frank, J.; Bösch-Saadatmandi, C.; Rimbach, G.; et al. Effect of quercetin on traits of the metabolic syndrome, endothelial function and inflammation in men with different APOE isoforms. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2013, 23, 403–409.
Brüll, V.; Burak, C.; Stoffel-Wagner, B.; Wolffram, S.; Nickenig, G.; Müller, C.; Langguth, P.; Alteheld, B.; Fimmers, R.; Naaf, S.; et al. Effects of a quercetin-rich onion skin extract on 24 h ambulatory blood pressure and endothelial function in overweight-to-obese patients with (pre-) hypertension: A randomised double-blinded placebo-controlled cross-over trial. Br. J. Nutr. 2015, 114, 1263–1277.
Shanely, R.A.; Knab, A.M.; Nieman, D.C.; Jin, F.; McAnulty, S.R.; Landram, M.J. Quercetin supplementation does not alter antioxidant status in humans. Free Radic. Res. 2010, 44, 224–231.
Trials.gov C. Investigating the Use of Quercetin on Glucose Absorption in Obesity, and Obesity with Type 2 Diabetes. 2003–2020. Available online: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00065676 (accessed on 31 July 2003).
Diepvens, K.; Westerterp, K.R.; Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S. Obesity and thermogenesis related to the consumption of caffeine, ephedrine, capsaicin, and green tea. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 2007, 292, R77–R85.
Xia, N.; Daiber, A.; Förstermann, U.; Li, H. Antioxidant effects of resveratrol in the cardiovascular system. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2017, 174, 1633–1646.
Tomé-Carneiro, J.; Gonzálvez, M.; Larrosa, M.; García-Almagro, F.J.; Avilés-Plaza, F.; Parra, S.; Yáñez-Gascón, M.J.; Ruiz-Ros, J.A.; García-Conesa, M.T.; Tomás-Barberán, F.A.; et al. Consumption of a grape extract supplement containing resveratrol decreases oxidized LDL and ApoB in patients undergoing primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: A triple-blind, 6-month follow-up, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2012, 56, 810–821.
Pereira, S.; Park, E.; Moore, J.; Faubert, B.; Breen, D.M.; Oprescu, A.I.; Nahle, A.; Kwan, D.; Giacca, A.; Tsiani, E. Resveratrol prevents insulin resistance caused by short-term elevation of free fatty acids in vivo. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 2015, 40, 1129–1136.
Wang, S.; Liang, X.; Yang, Q.; Fu, X.; Rogers, C.J.; Zhu, M.; Rodgers, B.D.; Jiang, Q.; Dodson, M.V.; Du, M. Resveratrol induces brown-like adipocyte formation in white fat through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha1. Int. J. Obes. 2015, 39, 967–976.
Timmers, S.; Konings, E.; Bilet, L.; Houtkooper, R.H.; van de Weijer, T.; Goossens, G.H.; Hoeks, J.; van der Krieken, S.; Ryu, D.; Kersten, S.; et al. Calorie restriction-like effects of 30 days of resveratrol supplementation on energy metabolism and metabolic profile in obese humans. Cell Metab. 2011, 14, 612–622.
Konings, E.; Timmers, S.; Boekschoten, M.V.; Goossens, G.H.; Jocken, J.W.; Afman, L.A.; Müller, M.; Schrauwen, P.; Mariman, E.C.; Blaak, E.E. The effects of 30 days resveratrol supplementation on adipose tissue morphology and gene expression patterns in obese men. Int. J. Obes. 2014, 38, 470–473.
Novelle, M.G.; Wahl, D.; Dieguez, C.; Bernier, M.; de Cabo, R. Resveratrol supplementation: Where are we now and where should we go? Ageing. Res. Rev. 2015, 21, 1–15.
Arzola-Paniagua, M.A.; García-Salgado López, E.R.; Calvo-Vargas, C.G.; Guevara-Cruz, M. Efficacy of an orlistat-resveratrol combination for weight loss in subjects with obesity: A randomized controlled trial. Obesity 2016, 24, 1454–1463.
Kjær, T.N.; Ornstrup, M.J.; Poulsen, M.M.; Stødkilde-Jørgensen, H.; Jessen, N.; Jørgensen, J.; Richelsen, B.; Pedersen, S.B. No Beneficial Effects of Resveratrol on the Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2017, 102, 1642–1651.
Most, J.; Timmers, S.; Warnke, I.; Jocken, J.W.; van Boekschoten, M.; de Groot, P.; Bendik, I.; Schrauwen, P.; Goossens, G.H.; Blaak, E.E. Combined epigallocatechin-3-gallate and resveratrol supplementation for 12 wk increases mitochondrial capacity and fat oxidation, but not insulin sensitivity, in obese humans: A randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 104, 215–227.
Poulsen, M.M.; Vestergaard, P.F.; Clasen, B.F.; Radko, Y.; Christensen, L.P.; Stodkilde-Jorgensen, H.; Møller, N.; Jessen, N.; Pedersen, S.B.; Jørgensen, J.O. High-dose resveratrol supplementation in obese men: An investigator-initiated, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of substrate metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition. Diabetes 2013, 62, 1186–1195.
Scapagnini, G.; Davinelli, S.; Kaneko, T.; Koverech, G.; Koverech, A.; Calabrese, E.J.; Calabrese, V. Dose response biology of resveratrol in obesity. J. Cell Commun Signal. 2014, 8, 385–391.
Khan, N.; Mukhtar, H. Tea Polyphenols in Promotion of Human Health. Nutrients 2018, 11, 39.
Suliburska, J.; Bogdanski, P.; Szulinska, M.; Stepien, M.; Pupek-Musialik, D.; Jablecka, A. Effects of green tea supplementation on elements, total antioxidants, lipids, and glucose values in the serum of obese patients. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2012, 149, 315–322.
Chen, I.J.; Liu, C.Y.; Chiu, J.P.; Hsu, C.H. Therapeutic effect of high-dose green tea extract on weight reduction: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Clin. Nutr. 2016, 35, 592–599.
Levy, Y.; Narotzki, B.; Reznick, A.Z. Green tea, weight loss and physical activity. Clin. Nutr. 2017, 36, 315.
Rains, T.M.; Agarwal, S.; Maki, K.C. Antiobesity effects of green tea catechins: A mechanistic review. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2010, 22, 1–7.
Hursel, R.; Viechtbauer, W.; Westerterp-Plantenga, M.S. The effects of green tea on weight loss and weight maintenance: A meta-analysis. Int. J. Obes. 2009, 33, 956–961.
Dulloo, A.G.; Duret, C.; Rohrer, D.; Girardier, L.; Mensi, N.; Fathi, M.; Chantre, P.; Vandermander, J. Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 1999, 70, 1040–1045.
Jurgens, T.M.; Whelan, A.M.; Killian, L.; Doucette, S.; Kirk, S.; Foy, E. Green tea for weight loss and weight maintenance in overweight or obese adults. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2012, 12, CD008650.
Wang, S.; Moustaid-Moussa, N.; Chen, L.; Mo, H.; Shastri, A.; Su, R.; Bapat, P.; Kwun, I.; Shen, C.L. Novel insights of dietary polyphenols and obesity. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2014, 25, 1–18.
Kao, Y.H.; Chang, H.H.; Lee, M.J.; Chen, C.L. Tea, obesity, and diabetes. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2006, 50, 188–210.
Tripoli, E.; La Guardia, M.; Giammanco, S.; Di Majo, D.; Giammanco, M. Citrus flavonoids: Molecular structure, biological activity and nutritional properties: A review. Food Chem. 2007, 104, 466–479.
Mulvihill, E.E.; Burke, A.C.; Huff, M.W. Citrus flavonoids as regulators of lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2016, 36, 75–299.
Dow, C.A.; Going, S.B.; Chow, H.H.; Patil, B.S.; Thomson, C.A. The effects of daily consumption of grapefruit on body weight, lipids, and blood pressure in healthy, overweight adults. Metabolism 2012, 61, 1026–1035.
Silveira, J.Q.; Dourado, G.K.; Cesar, T.B. Red-fleshed sweet orange juice improves the risk factors for metabolic syndrome. Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2015, 66, 830–836.
Azzini, E.; Venneria, E.; Ciarapica, D.; Foddai, M.S.; Intorre, F.; Zaccaria, M.; Maiani, F.; Palomba, L.; Barnaba, L.; Tubili, C.; et al. Effect of red orange juice consumption on body composition and nutritional status in overweight/obese female: A pilot study. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2017, 2017.
Ribeiro, C.; Dourado, G.; Cesar, T. Orange juice allied to a reduced-calorie diet results in weight loss and ameliorates obesity-related biomarkers: A randomized controlled trial. Nutrition 2017, 38, 13–19.
Keast, D.R.; O’Neil, C.E.; Jones, J.M. Dried fruit consumption is associated with improved diet quality and reduced obesity in US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999–2004. Nutr. Res. 2011, 31, 460–467.
Chang, S.K.; Alasalvar, C.; Shahidi, F. Superfruits: Phytochemicals, antioxidant efficacies, and health effects—A comprehensive review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019, 59, 1580–1604.
Eisner, A.; Ramachandran, P.; Cabalbag, C.; Metti, D.; Shamloufard, P.; Kern, M.; Hong, M.Y.; Hooshmand, S. Effects of Dried Apple Consumption on Body Composition, Serum Lipid Profile, Glucose Regulation, and Inflammatory Markers in Overweight and Obese Children. J. Med. Food. 2020, 23, 242–249.
Barth, S.W.; Koch, T.C.L.; Watzl, B.; Dietrich, H.; Will, F.; Bub, A. Moderate effects of apple juice consumption on obesity-related markers in obese men: Impact of diet-gene interaction on body fat content. Eur. J. Nutr. 2012, 51, 841–850.
Yang, Y.K.; Kim, S.P. The effect of onion extract intake for 12 weeks on blood lipid and obesity index in obese university women. Korean J. Sports. Sci. 2013, 22, 955–962.
Choi, E.Y.; Lee, H.; Woo, J.S.; Jang, H.H.; Hwang, S.J.; Kim, H.S.; Kim, W.S.; Kim, Y.S.; Choue, R.; Cha, Y.J.; et al. Effect of onion peel extract on endothelial function and endothelial progenitor cells in overweight and obese individuals. Nutrition 2015, 31, 1131–1135.
Lee, J.S.; Cha, Y.J.; Lee, K.H.; Yim, J.E. Onion peel extract reduces the percentage of body fat in overweight and obese subjects: A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Nutr. Res. Pract. 2016, 10, 175–181.
Velasquez, M.T.; Bhathena, S.J. Role of dietary soy protein in obesity. Int. J. Med. Sci. 2007, 4, 72–82.
Chatterjee, C.; Gleddie, S.; Xiao, C.W. Soybean Bioactive Peptides and Their Functional Properties. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1211.
Xiao, C.W. Health effects of soy protein and isoflavones in humans. J. Nutr. 2008, 138, 1244S–1249S.
Ørgaard, A.; Jensen, L. The effects of soy isoflavones on obesity. Exp. Biol. Med. 2008, 233, 1066–1080.
Ruscica, M.; Pavanello, C.; Gandini, S.; Gomaraschi, M.; Vitali, C.; Macchi, C.; Morlotti, B.; Aiello, G.; Bosisio, R.; Calabresi, L.; et al. Effect of soy on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors: A randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Nutr. 2016, 27, 1–13.
Llaneza, P.; González, C.; Fernández-Iñarrea, J.; Alonso, A.; Díaz, F.; Pérez-López, F.R. Soy isoflavones improve insulin sensitivity without changing serum leptin among postmenopausal women. Climacteric 2012, 15, 611–620.
Akhlaghi, M.; Zare, M.; Nouripour, F. Effect of Soy and Soy Isoflavones on Obesity-Related Anthropometric Measures: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials. Adv Nutr. 2017, 8, 705–717.
Lee, M.; Sorn, S.R.; Park, Y.; Park, H.K. Anthocyanin Rich-Black Soybean Testa Improved Visceral Fat and Plasma Lipid Profiles in Overweight/Obese Korean Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Med. Food. 2016, 19, 995–1003.
Khan, M.M.; Tran, B.Q.; Jang, Y.J.; Park, S.H.; Fondrie, W.E.; Chowdhury, K.; Yoon, S.H.; Goodlett, D.R.; Chae, S.W.; Chae, H.J.; et al. Assessment of the Therapeutic Potential of Persimmon Leaf Extract on Prediabetic Subjects. Mol. Cells 2017, 40, 466–475.
Kim, M.Y.; Shin, M.R.; Seo, B.I.; Noh, J.S.; Roh, S.S. Young Persimmon Fruit Extract Suppresses Obesity by Modulating Lipid Metabolism in White Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice. J. Med. Food. 2020, 23, 273–280.

© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.

Upload a video for this entry

Information

Subjects: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Contributors MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :

Mariarosaria Boccellino

Stefania D’Angelo

View Times: 667

Update Date: 26 Sep 2022

Table of Contents

Video Upload Options

Confirm

1. Actions of some polyphenols

2. Actions of Some Polyphenolic-Food

References