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Topic Review
Protein- and Peptide-Based Chemical Conjugates
The complexity of molecular entities being advanced for therapeutic purposes has continued to evolve. A main propellent fueling innovation is the perpetual mandate within the pharmaceutical industry to meet the needs of novel disease areas and/or delivery challenges. As new mechanisms of action are uncovered, and as our understanding of existing mechanisms grows, the properties that are required and/or leveraged to enable therapeutic development continue to expand.
  • 827
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Lin28/let-7 Axis
An RNA-binding protein, Lin28, in regulating cancer cell stemness to drive tumour progression. Lin28 blocks the synthesis of let-7, a tumour-suppressor microRNA, and acts as a global regulator of cell differentiation and proliferation. Lin28also targets messenger RNAs and regulates protein translation. 
  • 827
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
AMD and the Complement System
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and it is the leading cause of blindness affecting elderly in the Western world. AMD is a complex disease that has strong associations with the complement system. All three initiating complement pathways may be relevant in CNV formation, but most evidence indicates a major role for the alternative pathway (AP) and for the terminal complement complex, as well as certain complement peptides generated upon complement activation. Since the complement system is associated with AMD and CNV, a complement inhibitor may be a therapeutic option for patients with wAMD. The aim of the review is to (i) reflect on the possible complement targets in the context of wAMD pathology, (ii) investigate the results of prior clinical trials with complement inhibitors for wAMD patients, and (iii) outline important considerations when developing a future strategy for the treatment of wAMD.
  • 825
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy
Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Olax scandens shows the potential application as drug delivery system along with fluorescence properties and anticancer, as well as antibacterial, activity.
  • 825
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
ALS2-Related Motor Neuron Diseases
Mutations of the ALS2 gene, which encodes for the protein Alsin, are linked to three recessive motor neuron diseases characterized by early onset. Alsin is an intriguing protein characterized by several structured domains with distinct functions. 
  • 825
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
TNFα
About 60 years ago, it was reported that bacterial endotoxin administration to mice resulted in the release of a serological protein with necrotic anti-tumor activity at high concentrations. Due to the latter characteristic, this protein was termed tumor necrosis factor (TNF)  and considered a breakthrough for cancer therapy. Today, the TNF superfamily consists of 19 members and 29 TNF receptors .Within this family, functional TNFα is represented by a trimer of 17.35 kDa monomers, folded into a rigid bell-shaped “jelly roll” composed of antiparallel filaments. It exists in two forms: a transmembrane form (tmTNFα) next to a soluble (sTNFα) form. The latter one is cleaved from tmTNFα by the metalloproteinase TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE).
  • 824
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
SLO3
Sperm cells must undergo a complex maturation process after ejaculation to be able to fertilize an egg. One component of this maturation is hyperpolarization of the membrane potential to a more negative value. The ion channel responsible for this hyperpolarization, SLO3, was first cloned in 1998, and since then much progress has been made to determine how the channel is regulated and how its function intertwines with various signaling pathways involved in sperm maturation. 
  • 824
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Biochemical Mechanisms Associating Alcohol Use Disorders with Cancers
Of all yearly deaths attributable to alcohol consumption globally, approximately 12% are due to cancers, representing approximately 0.4 million deceased individuals. Ethanol metabolism disturbs cell biochemistry by targeting the structure and function of essential biomolecules (proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids) and by provoking alterations in cell programming that lead to cancer development and cancer malignancy. 
  • 824
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Ack1
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) Ack1 comprises a distinct arrangement of non-catalytic modules. Its SH3 domain has a C-terminal to the kinase domain (SH1), in contrast to the typical SH3-SH2-SH1 layout in NRTKs. The Ack1 is the only protein that shares a region of high homology to the tumor suppressor protein Mig6, a modulator of EGFR. The vertebrate Acks make up the only tyrosine kinase (TK) family known to carry a UBA domain. The GTPase binding and SAM domains are also uncommon in the NRTKs. In addition to being a downstream effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins, Ack1 can act as an epigenetic regulator, modulate the degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), confer drug resistance, and mediate the progression of hormone-sensitive tumors. 
  • 823
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Insights into N-Glycanase 1
The cytosolic PNGase (peptide:N-glycanase), also known as peptide-N4-(N-acetyl-β-glucosaminyl)-asparagine amidase, is a well-conserved deglycosylation enzyme (EC 3.5.1.52) which catalyzes the non-lysosomal hydrolysis of an N(4)-(acetyl-β-d-glucosaminyl) asparagine residue (Asn, N) into a N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminyl-amine and a peptide containing an aspartate residue (Asp, D). This enzyme (NGLY1) plays an essential role in the clearance of misfolded or unassembled glycoproteins through a process named ER-associated degradation (ERAD). Accumulating evidence also points out that NGLY1 deficiency can cause an autosomal recessive (AR) human genetic disorder associated with abnormal development and congenital disorder of deglycosylation.
  • 822
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Cold-Adapted Proteases
The modern biotechnology industry has a demand for macromolecules that can function in extreme environments. One example is cold-adapted proteases, possessing advantages such as maintaining high catalytic efficiency at low temperature and low energy input during production and inactivation. Meanwhile, cold-adapted proteases are characterised by sustainability, environmental protection, and energy conservation; therefore, they hold significant economic and ecological value regarding resource utilisation and the global biogeochemical cycle.
  • 822
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Protein Ser/Thr Phosphatase Folding
Post-translational modification (PTM) is a key mechanism providing the functional diversity of proteins in cellular signaling and physiology and changing the functions or stability of proteins. 
  • 822
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Transcription Factor 21 and Chicken Adipocyte Differentiation
Transcription factor 21 (TCF21) could promote chicken preadipocytes differentiation at least in part via activating MAPK/JNK pathway. 
  • 821
  • 21 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Hydrogen Sulfide as a Regulator of Autophagy
The term “autophagy”, (from the Greek words auto, meaning “self” and phagein, meaning “to eat”)—literally, eating one’s self—was first created by Christian de Duve over 40 years ago, who discovered lysosomes and provided clear proof of their participation in this process. It is an evolutionarily conserved process of degradation and recycling in eukaryotic organisms. H2S is already considered a physiological mediator involved in many physiological and pathological processes in animals and plants, including autophagy.
  • 821
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis and Organokines
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by steatosis, lobular inflammation, and enlargement of the diameter of hepatocytes (ballooning hepatocytes), with or without fibrosis. It affects 20% of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to liver dysfunction and the numerous metabolic changes that commonly accompany the condition (obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome), the secretion of organokines is modified, which may contribute to the pathogenesis or progression of the disease. 
  • 821
  • 23 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Carbon-Supported Noble-Metal Nanoparticles
Noble-metal nanoparticles (NMNPs), with their outstanding properties, have been arousing the interest of scientists for centuries. Although our knowledge of them is much more significant today, and people can obtain NMNPs in various sizes, shapes, and compositions, our interest in them has not waned. When talking about noble metals, gold, silver, and platinum come to mind first. Still, people cannot forget about elements belonging to the so-called platinum group, such as ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, and iridium, whose physical and chemical properties are very similar to those of platinum. It makes them highly demanded and widely used in various applications. The current knowledge on the preparation of all noble metals is presented in the form of nanoparticles and their assembling with carbon supports.
  • 821
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Biological Roles of miR-199a in Lung Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. miR-199a, which has two mature molecules: miR-199a-3p and miR-199a-5p, plays an important biological role in the genesis and development of tumors. There has been increasing evidence that the aberrant expression of miR-199a is closely related to lung cancer, affecting its proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, glucose metabolism, etc.
  • 820
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Transporters Involved in Iron Trafficking
Iron is an essential transition metal for its involvement in several crucial biological functions, the most notable being oxygen storage and transport. Due to its high reactivity and potential toxicity, intracellular and extracellular iron levels must be tightly regulated. This is achieved through transport systems that mediate cellular uptake and efflux both at the level of the plasma membrane and on the membranes of lysosomes, endosomes and mitochondria.
  • 820
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lipid Droplets Accumulation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia Therapy
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous dynamic organelles composed of a core of esterified neutral lipids, such as fatty acids (FAs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), cholesterol and other sterol esters, retinyl esters, and ceramides esterified into acyl ceramides, enclosed by a phospholipid monolayer enriched in several proteins and then packaged by intermediate filament vimentin.
  • 820
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Alzheimer’s Disease and Choroid Plexus
The choroid plexus (CP), located in each of the four ventricles of the brain, is formed by a monolayer of epithelial cells that surrounds a highly vascularized connective tissue with permeable capillaries. These cells are joined by tight junctions forming the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which strictly regulates the exchange of substances between the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 
  • 819
  • 29 Jan 2022
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