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Topic Review
Sustainable Machining of Steels
To improve occupational health and safety and the reduction of product costs, companies are moving towards sustainable manufacturing. Emphasizes the sustainable machining aspects of steel by employing techniques that require the minimal use of cutting oils, i.e., minimum quantity lubrication, and other efficient techniques like cryogenic cooling, dry cutting, solid lubricants, air/vapor/gas cooling, and cryogenic treatment. Cryogenic treatment on tools and the use of vegetable oils or biodegradable oils instead of mineral oils are used as primary techniques to enhance the overall part quality, which leads to longer tool life with no negative impacts on the environment. 
  • 1.4K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Illite-Age-Analysis
The Illite-Age-Analysis (IAA) method was first proposed by Pevear (1992, 1999)for the catalytic dating of sedimentary basins. After van der Pluijm et al. (2001) discovered a new application for defining the age of fault-thrust development with the IAA method, it has been applied to the shallow faults of various tectonic environments by a number of researchers for the past 20 years, and has played a decisive role in the study of tectonic evolution and understanding of seismic phenomena. In particular, the development of the WILDFIRE© program by Reynolds (1994)has made great strides in the quantitative analysis of illite polytype by simulating the 1M/1Mdpolytype patterns.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound Imaging in Dentistry
Ultrasound Imaging, in addition to providing useful indications for diagnosis, can also be used with greater certainty as regards patient follow-up, being repeated at relatively short distances, without causing biological damage. Differently than X-rays, sound waves can be represented as a mechanical longitudinal wave, which can manifest as particle displacement or pressure alterations. 
  • 1.4K
  • 16 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Functionalized Lanthanide Oxide Nanoparticles
Functionalized lanthanide oxide (Ln2O3) nanoparticles has been used for tumor targeting, medical imaging, and therapy. Among the medical imaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important noninvasive imaging tool for tumor diagnosis due to its high spatial resolution and excellent imaging contrast, especially when contrast agents are used. However, commercially available low-molecular-weight MRI contrast agents exhibit several shortcomings, such as nonspecificity for the tissue of interest and rapid excretion in vivo. Recently, nanoparticle-based MRI contrast agents have become a hot research topic in biomedical imaging due to their high performance, easy surface functionalization, and low toxicity. Among them, functionalized Ln2O3 nanoparticles are applicable as MRI contrast agents for tumor-targeting and nontumor-targeting imaging and image-guided tumor therapy. Primarily, Gd2O3 nanoparticles have been intensively investigated as tumor-targeting T1 MRI contrast agents. T2 MRI is also possible due to the appreciable paramagnetic moments of Ln2O3 nanoparticles (Ln = Dy, Ho, and Tb) at room temperature arising from the nonzero orbital motion of 4f electrons. In addition, Ln2O3 nanoparticles are eligible as X-ray computed tomography contrast agents because of their high X-ray attenuation power. 
  • 1.4K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Traditional and Virtual Teams during the COVID-19 Pandemic
The social distance imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic alongside the development of technology has positively affected people’s personal lives and the every-day working manner and environment. Currently, people can communicate and work together remotely, from different locations, cities, or even countries, very similar to the way they would work while sharing the same office. The world displays a brand-new face people have never seen before, while the business world encounters challenges never experienced until now (i.e., the imperative to reimagine work conditions in order to create a productive climate for all parties involved via a mixture of face-to-face and virtual interaction). As the result of the global virtualization trend, new types of organizations have emerged, being composed of work groups aiming to promote innovation and that have the purpose to increase the capacity of work, and the phenomenon has had an unexpected rhythm since the outbreak of the pandemic. The digitalization of the work processes has enabled remote work and the building of virtual teams in various fields of activity and for all types of companies and entities. Thus, the virtual society started to expand the global electronic space and information became more and more available through technology. Getting in contact with coworkers and leadership and sharing work and results remotely is no longer a challenge, but business as usual. The term “virtuality” has a large range of meanings in the specialized literature. The global dimension of virtualization is permanently compared to the features of the local and regional traditional teams, when it comes to the dimensional and relational aspects, involving geographical dispersion and electronic communication and interconnection. New typologies of organizational structures and the new forms of organizations emerged (i.e., organizational structures availing more flexibility in terms of schedule, location, co-presence), most of them being a virtual response to a present, more complex business environment, impacted by turmoil and uncertainty, thus creating new ways and means for both people and organizations worldwide to benefit from fresh opportunities (i.e., a better work-life balance, intercultural and transnational teamwork and coordination, etc.).
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Alternative Marine Fuel
While the marine sector contributes significantly to the global economy, its environmental impact is a cause for apprehension due to growing concerns about ship emissions. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set decarbonization strategies consistent with sustainable development goals. The impending legislation aimed at reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from maritime shipping by at least half by 2050 and to zero by the end of the century. A growing body of research has focused on alternative marine fuel selection.
  • 1.4K
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Selenium on the Growth of Tea Plants
Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for humans and animals, and it plays an important role in immune regulation and disease prevention. Tea is one of the top three beverages in the world, and it contains active ingredients such as polyphenols, theanine, flavonoids, and volatile substances, which have important health benefits. The tea tree has suitable Se aggregation ability, which can absorb inorganic Se and transform it into safe and effective organic Se through absorption by the human body, thereby improving human immunity and preventing the occurrence of many diseases. Recent studies have proven that 50~100.0 mg/L exogenous Se can promote photosynthesis and absorption of mineral elements in tea trees and increase their biomass. The content of total Se and organic selenides in tea leaves significantly increases and promotes the accumulation of polyphenols, theanine, flavonoids, and volatile secondary metabolites, thereby improving the nutritional quality of tea leaves. 
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Coram Nobis
The writ of coram nobis (also known as writ of error coram nobis, writ of coram vobis, or writ of error coram vobis) is a legal order allowing a court to correct its original judgment upon discovery of a fundamental error that did not appear in the records of the original judgment’s proceedings and would have prevented the judgment from being pronounced. The term "coram nobis" is Latin for "before us" and the meaning of its full form, quae coram nobis resident, is "which [things] remain in our presence". The writ of coram nobis originated in the English court of common law in the English legal system during the sixteenth century. The writ of coram nobis still exists today in a few courts in the United States. In 1907, the writ became obsolete in England and replaced by other means of correcting errors; however, the writ survives in the United States in various forms in the federal courts, in fifteen state courts, and the District of Columbia courts. For those courts with the authority to issue a writ of coram nobis, the rules and guidelines differ – sometimes significantly. Each state is free to operate its own coram nobis procedures independent of other state courts as well as the federal court system. In other words, the criteria required to issue the writ in one state (or federal) court system are different from the criteria required to issue the writ in a different court system. A writ can be granted only by the court where the original judgment was entered, so those seeking to correct a judgment must understand the criteria required for that specific court.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Comparison of Metadata Editors
This article presents a comparison of digital image metadata viewers and metadata editors. A metadata editor is a computer program that allows users to view and edit metadata tags interactively on the computer screen and save them in the graphics file. Usually a metadata viewer is preferred over a metadata editor for viewing tags. A number of metadata editors for various platforms exist. Users choose among them based on factors such as the availability for the user's platform, the feature set and usability of the user interface (UI). The Metadata Working Group (MWG) is a consortium of leading companies in the digital media industry. The MWG publishes technical specifications that describe how to effectively store metadata into digital media files. These royalty-free specifications are made available to software developers, manufacturers and service providers so that they may create products that use metadata in a consistent way, and that allow consumers to better describe, organize and find their media. Where possible, these specifications rely on existing standards, and aim to create a unified and cohesive approach to applying these standards.
  • 1.4K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Facebook Messenger Rooms
Facebook Messenger (also known as Messenger) is an American messaging app and platform developed by Facebook, Inc. Originally developed as Facebook Chat in 2008, the company revamped its messaging service in 2010, and subsequently released standalone iOS and Android apps in August 2011 and standalone Facebook Portal hardware for Messenger-based calling in Q4 2018. Later on, Facebook has launched a dedicated website interface (Messenger.com), and separated the messaging functionality from the main Facebook app, allowing users to use the web interface or download one of the standalone apps. In April 2020, Facebook officially released Messenger for Desktop, which is supported on Windows 10 and macOS and distributed on Microsoft Store and App Store respectively. Users can send messages and exchange photos, videos, stickers, audio, and files, as well as react to other users' messages and interact with bots. The service also supports voice and video calling. The standalone apps support using multiple accounts, conversations with optional end-to-end encryption, and playing games.
  • 1.4K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Formation of Oxidative Compounds in Fish Protein Hydrolysates
There is a significant potential to increase the sustainability of the fishing and aquaculture industries through the maximization of the processing of byproducts. Enzymatic hydrolysis provides an opportunity to valorize downstream fish industry byproducts for the production of protein hydrolysates (FPH) as a source of bioactive peptides (BAP) with health benefits. Deteriorative oxidative reactions may occur during the enzymatic hydrolysis of byproducts, influencing the safety or bioactivities of the end product. Lipid oxidation, autolysis mediated by endogenous enzymes in viscera, protein degradation, and formation of low-molecular-weight metabolites are the main reactions that are expected to occur during hydrolysis and need to be controlled. 
  • 1.4K
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
A Dual-Motivation System in L2 and L3 Learning
This encyclopedia article explores the phenomena of second (L2) and third language (L3) learning, along with the motivational dynamics that underlie L2 and L3 acquisition, as intricate dynamic systems within the realm of multilingual education. The entry proposes a conceptual framework for a dual-motivation system, which aims to characterize the nature of L2-L3 motivational forces that can be utilized in the learning of additional languages.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Semi-Supervised Image Stitching from Unstructured Camera Arrays
Image stitching involves combining multiple images of the same scene captured from different viewpoints into a single image with an expanded field of view. While this technique has various applications in computer vision, traditional methods rely on the successive stitching of image pairs taken from multiple cameras. While this approach is effective for organized camera arrays, it can pose challenges for unstructured ones, especially when handling scene overlaps.
  • 1.4K
  • 14 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Inhomogeneities in Glass: From Defects to Functional Nanostructures
Glass inhomogeneities represent variations in the structural or compositional uniformity of glass, traditionally associated with process-related defects such as striae, bubbles, stones, and inclusions that impair transparency and mechanical stability. These “technological” inhomogeneities emerge during melting, forming, or annealing, and have long been the focus of industrial elimination strategies. However, recent developments in glass science and nanotechnology have reframed inhomogeneity as a potential asset. When precisely engineered at the nanoscale, inhomogeneities, such as nanocrystals, metal or semiconductor nanoparticles, and nanopores, can enhance glass with tailored optical and photonic functionalities, including upconversion luminescence, plasmonic response, nonlinear refractive behavior, and sensing capabilities. This entry provides an integrated perspective on the evolution of glass inhomogeneities, tracing the shift from defect suppression to functional nanostructuring. It discusses both the traditional classification and mitigation of detrimental defects, and the design principles enabling the intentional incorporation of beneficial nanoinhomogeneities, particularly in the context of optics and photonics. The utilization of engineered inhomogeneities in nuclear waste glasses is also discussed.
  • 1.4K
  • 17 Sep 2025
Topic Review
Physical Activity
Physical activity (PA) refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Participation in regular and adequate levels of PA is an essential contributor to good health, maintenance of healthy weight, and management of risk factors of chronic diseases.
  • 1.4K
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sprouted Grains
“Sprouted grains” are defined by the American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) with the endorsement of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) as follows: “malted or sprouted grains containing all of the original bran, germ, and endosperm shall be considered whole grains as long as sprout growth does not exceed kernel length and nutrient values have not diminished. These grains should be labelled as malted or sprouted whole grain”.
  • 1.4K
  • 18 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Mechanisms of Cold Signaling in Wheat
Cold stress is a major environmental factor affecting the growth, development, and productivity of various crop species. With the current trajectory of global climate change, low temperatures are becoming more frequent and can significantly decrease crop yield. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first domesticated crop and is the most popular cereal crop in the world. Because of a lack of systematic research on cold signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks, the underlying molecular mechanisms of cold signal transduction in wheat are poorly understood.
  • 1.4K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Anti-Obesity Properties of Polyphenols
The prevalence of obesity has steadily increased around the world over the past three decades. Polyphenols can be considered nutraceuticals and food supplements recommended for different syndromes. Polyphenols are a class of naturally occurring phytochemicals, some of which have been shown to modulate the physiological and molecular pathways involved in energy metabolism. Polyphenols could act in the stimulation of β-oxidation, in the inhibition of the differentiation of adipocytes, in counteracting oxidative stress, etc.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Steroidal (Glyco)Alkaloids: Classification
Steroidal (glycol)alkaloids S(G)As are secondary metabolites made of a nitrogen-containing steroidal skeleton linked to a (poly)saccharide, naturally occurring in the members of the Solanaceae and Liliaceae plant families. The genus Solanum is familiar to all of us as a food source (tomato, potato, eggplant), but a few populations have also made it part of their ethnobotany for their medicinal properties. The recent development of the isolation, purification and analysis techniques have shed light on the structural diversity among the SGAs family, thus attracting scientists to investigate their various pharmacological properties. 
  • 1.4K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Low Earth Orbit Space Missions Power Bus Management
In space vehicles, the typical configurations for the Solar Array Power Regulators in charge of managing power transfer from the solar array to the power bus are quite different from the corresponding devices in use for terrestrial applications. Since the 1970s the most widely used approach for spacecraft power conditioning has been Sequential Switching Shunt Regulation (S3R), because of its high power density, modularity, simplicity, and inherently high reliability. Power regulation schemes implementing Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques have been introduced since the 1990s. At the expense of a larger complexity, they provide optimal energy harvesting in a wide range of operating conditions. In sectional MPPT power units, the solar array is split into several sections, each fitted up with a dedicated Solar Array Power Regulator (APR) with a multimode controller, capable of either independently performing MPPT or harmonically contributing to the regulation of the bus voltage or the battery current. An expedient solution appears to be provided by the Sequential Maximum Power Tracking (SMPT) bus regulation technique: the coordination problem is solved by implementing an operational sequence such that just one section at a time is kept in control mode, while the others are kept either in MPPT or in standby.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Dec 2021
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