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Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in Tumor Microenvironment
Cancer is a multi-step process during which cells acquire an untamed ability to grow, proliferate, and (most times) differentiate, ultimately leading to either improper organ growth or the establishment of inadequate cells in locations where they contribute negatively to the body homeostasis, causing (amongst other things) high levels of inflammation. Colorectal and gastric cancers are the most prevalent cancer in the digestive track. They represent the third and fifth leading causes of cancer-related deaths. With over 500,000–990,000 new cases worldwide, they typically have a five-year survival rate (mainly due to late diagnosis).
  • 850
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Transporters Involved in Iron Trafficking
Iron is an essential transition metal for its involvement in several crucial biological functions, the most notable being oxygen storage and transport. Due to its high reactivity and potential toxicity, intracellular and extracellular iron levels must be tightly regulated. This is achieved through transport systems that mediate cellular uptake and efflux both at the level of the plasma membrane and on the membranes of lysosomes, endosomes and mitochondria.
  • 850
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Viper Venom Phospholipase A2
Viper venom phospholipase A2 enzymes (vvPLA2s) and phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins are two of the principal toxins in viper venom that are responsible for the severe myotoxic and neurotoxic effects caused by snakebite envenoming, among other pathologies. 
  • 850
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Imprinted Genes and Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system that arises from interplay between non-genetic and genetic risk factors. The epigenetics - the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the primary DNA sequence or genotype - functions as a link between these factors, affecting gene expression in response to external influence. Among others, the epigenetic mechanisms underlie the establishment of parent-of-origin effects that appear as phenotypic differences depending on whether the allele was inherited from the mother or father. The most well described manifestation of parent-of-origin effects is genomic imprinting that causes monoallelic gene expression. It becomes more obvious that disturbances in imprinted genes affecting their expression do occur in MS and may be involved in its pathogenesis. 
  • 849
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress and Redox Enzymes in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases comprise a wide range of diseases with heterogeneous aetiologies and exhibit degenerative processes commonly accompanied by oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a major risk factor associated with aging and the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and Huntington’s disease (HD). Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by irreversible, progressive loss of neuronal cells, formation of protein aggregates, and a decline in cognitive or motor functions. Neurodegenerative diseases are induced by imbalanced redox homeostasis and impaired energy metabolism, as hypothesised by several aging theories, including the free radical theory, the mitochondrial dysfunction theory, the genetic theory, and the telomere shortening theory.
  • 849
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
TOR–PKA Interactions
TOR and PKA signaling are the major growth-regulatory nutrient-sensing pathways in S. cerevisiae. A number of experimental findings demonstrated a close relationship between these pathways: Both are responsive to glucose availability. Both regulate ribosome production on the transcriptional level and repress autophagy and the cellular stress response. Sch9, a major downstream effector of TORC1 presumably shares its kinase consensus motif with PKA, and genetic rescue and synthetic defects between PKA and Sch9 have been known for a long time.
  • 849
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Metal Ion-Directed Specific DNA Structures
Various DNA structures, including specific metal ion complexes, have been designed based on the knowledge of canonical base pairing as well as general coordination chemistry. The role of metal ions in these studies is quite broad and diverse. Metal ions can be targets themselves in analytical applications, essential building blocks of certain DNA structures that one wishes to construct, or they can be responsible for signal generation, such as luminescence or redox. 
  • 849
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
E3 Ubiquitin Ligase TRIP12
The Thyroid hormone Receptor Interacting Protein 12 (TRIP12) protein belongs to the 28-member Homologous to the E6-AP C-Terminus (HECT) E3 ubiquitin ligase family. First described as an interactor of the thyroid hormone receptor, TRIP12’s biological importance was revealed by the embryonic lethality of a murine model bearing an inactivating mutation in the TRIP12 gene. Further studies showed the participation of TRIP12 in the regulation of major biological processes such as cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, chromatin remodeling, and cell differentiation by an ubiquitination-mediated degradation of key protein substrates. Moreover, alterations of TRIP12 expression have been reported in cancers that can serve as predictive markers of therapeutic response. The TRIP12 gene is also referenced as a causative gene associated to intellectual disorders such as Clark–Baraitser syndrome and is clearly implicated in Autism Spectrum Disorder. The aim of the review is to provide an exhaustive and integrated overview of the different aspects of TRIP12 ranging from its regulation, molecular functions and physio-pathological implications.
  • 848
  • 23 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Lysine Crotonylation in DNA Damage Response
The DNA damage response (DDR) system plays an important role in maintaining genome stability and preventing related diseases. The DDR network comprises many proteins and posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to proteins, which work in a coordinated manner to counteract various genotoxic stresses. Lysine crotonylation (Kcr) is a newly identified PTM occurring in both core histone and non-histone proteins in various organisms. This novel PTM is classified as a reversible acylation modification, which is regulated by a variety of acylases and deacylases and the intracellular crotonyl-CoA substrate concentration. Kcr links cellular metabolism with gene regulation and is involved in numerous cellular processes.
  • 847
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dynamic Changes in DNA Methylation in Brain Development
DNA cytosine methylation is a principal epigenetic mechanism underlying transcription during development and aging. Growing evidence suggests that DNA methylation plays a critical role in brain function, including neurogenesis, neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, learning, and memory.
  • 847
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fibroblast Growth Factors in the Axon Guidance
Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), a broad family of polypeptide growth factors, were originally isolated and purified from the pituitary gland of bovines. FGF and FGF receptor (FGFR) signaling pathways play important roles in axon guidance as axons navigate toward their synaptic targets.
  • 847
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Amino Acids and Its Roles in Glioma Pathology
Amino acids (AAs) are indispensable building blocks of diverse bio-macromolecules as well as functional regulators for various metabolic processes. The fact that cancer cells live with a voracious appetite for specific AAs has been widely recognized. Glioma is one of the most lethal malignancies occurring in the central nervous system. The reprogrammed metabolism of AAs benefits glioma proliferation, signal transduction, epigenetic modification, and stress tolerance. Metabolic alteration of specific AAs also contributes to glioma immune escape and chemoresistance. For clinical consideration, fluctuations in the concentrations of AAs observed in specific body fluids provides opportunities to develop new diagnosis and prognosis markers.
  • 845
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
AI Applications in Plant Genomic Prediction
Artificial intelligence (AI), boosted through deep learning (DL), has achieved significant breakthroughs and is a powerful tool for managing large complex datasets such as crop genetic markers genome and their association with crop phenotypes. AI techniques can be applied to analyze large amounts of genomic data and identify patterns that are difficult for humans to detect. These patterns can then be used to develop more accurate predictive models. 
  • 845
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Plasma Proteomics in Morquio-A Disease
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA) is a lysosomal disease caused by mutations in the gene encoding the enzymeN-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate sulfatase (GALNS), and is characterized by systemic skeletal dysplasia due to excessive storage of keratan sulfate (KS) and chondroitin-6-sulfate in chondrocytes. Although improvements in the activity of daily living and endurance tests have been achieved with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human GALNS, recovery of bone lesions and bone growth in MPS IVA has not been demonstrated to date. Moreover, no correlation has been described between therapeutic efficacy and urine levels of KS, which accumulates in MPS IVA patients. 
  • 845
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Cold-Adapted Proteases
The modern biotechnology industry has a demand for macromolecules that can function in extreme environments. One example is cold-adapted proteases, possessing advantages such as maintaining high catalytic efficiency at low temperature and low energy input during production and inactivation. Meanwhile, cold-adapted proteases are characterised by sustainability, environmental protection, and energy conservation; therefore, they hold significant economic and ecological value regarding resource utilisation and the global biogeochemical cycle.
  • 844
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Antitumor Drugs and Their Targets
Through novel methodologies, including both basic and clinical research, progress has been made in the therapy of solid cancer. Recent innovations in anticancer therapies, including immune checkpoint inhibitor biologics, therapeutic vaccines, small drugs, and CAR-T cell injections, mark a new epoch in cancer research, already known for faster (epi-)genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. As the long-sought after personalization of cancer therapies comes to fruition, the need to evaluate all current therapeutic possibilities and select the best for each patient is of paramount importance. This is a novel task for medical care that deserves prominence in therapeutic considerations in the future. This is because cancer is a complex genetic disease. In its deadly form, metastatic cancer, it includes altered genes (and their regulators) that encode ten hallmarks of cancer-independent growth, dodging apoptosis, immortalization, multidrug resistance, neovascularization, invasiveness, genome instability, inflammation, deregulation of metabolism, and avoidance of destruction by the immune system. These factors have been known targets for many anticancer drugs and treatments, and their modulation is a therapeutic goal, with the hope of rendering solid cancer a chronic rather than deadly disease. In this article, the current therapeutic arsenal against cancers is reviewed with a focus on immunotherapies.
  • 843
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Proto-Oncogene ETS-Related Gene in Prostate Cancer
The ETS-related gene (ERG) is proto-oncogene that is classified as a member of the ETS transcription factor family, which has been found to be consistently overexpressed in about half of the patients with clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa). The overexpression of ERG can mostly be attributed to the fusion of the ERG and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) genes, and this fusion is represented about 85% of all gene fusions observed in prostate cancer. Clinically, individuals with ERG gene fusion are mostly documented to have advanced tumor stages, increased mortality, and higher rates of metastasis in non-surgical cohorts.
  • 843
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Ack1
The nonreceptor tyrosine kinase (NRTK) Ack1 comprises a distinct arrangement of non-catalytic modules. Its SH3 domain has a C-terminal to the kinase domain (SH1), in contrast to the typical SH3-SH2-SH1 layout in NRTKs. The Ack1 is the only protein that shares a region of high homology to the tumor suppressor protein Mig6, a modulator of EGFR. The vertebrate Acks make up the only tyrosine kinase (TK) family known to carry a UBA domain. The GTPase binding and SAM domains are also uncommon in the NRTKs. In addition to being a downstream effector of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and integrins, Ack1 can act as an epigenetic regulator, modulate the degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), confer drug resistance, and mediate the progression of hormone-sensitive tumors. 
  • 843
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Disease Models in Rats
Rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus) belong to the same rodent family and have been the most widely used models in biomedical research for many years. However, there are several differences between these two animals. For example, the rat is larger (roughly about eight- to ten-fold) in size than the mouse, which provides a number of practical advantages, as exemplified by easier and more rapid microsurgery, multiple sampling of larger blood and tissue volumes, and precise injection of substances into blood vessels or the brain (reviewed by Kjell and Olson). Additionally, mice and rats differ in their physiology, behavior, and neurology. 
  • 842
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Lin28/let-7 Axis
An RNA-binding protein, Lin28, in regulating cancer cell stemness to drive tumour progression. Lin28 blocks the synthesis of let-7, a tumour-suppressor microRNA, and acts as a global regulator of cell differentiation and proliferation. Lin28also targets messenger RNAs and regulates protein translation. 
  • 842
  • 13 Oct 2022
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