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Topic Review
Approach to Existing Management Perspectives in Scuba Diving
There are a considerable number of studies reporting the negative impacts of recreational diving and their causes, yet there is a gap in the information regarding the aspects of activity management. A large part of the measures identified address stakeholders’ awareness, data on the activity, and implementing adapted management measures. Stakeholders need to be integrated into the entire process of managing the activity because they are the target for correcting actions.
  • 220
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Biodiesel Production Process from Yeast Lipids
Renewable sources of energy have been sought due to the environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels, such as greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. A promising alternative is biodiesel, particularly when obtained using yeast, as they offer certain advantages over other microorganisms due to their resilience to grow in various conditions, short reproduction times, and lower susceptibility to bacterial infections because they thrive at lower pH levels and have the ability to utilize a wide variety of substrates. Furthermore, biodiesel produced with yeast is composed of methyl ester fatty acids (FAME), providing it with good quality and performance in internal combustion engines, resulting in reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional diesel. The production of biodiesel using yeast involves six general stages, which offer various methodological alternatives with different degrees of sustainability.
  • 247
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Application in Small-Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
The role of capsule endoscopy and enteroscopy in managing various small-bowel pathologies is well-established. However, their broader application has been hampered mainly by their lengthy reading times. As a result, there is a growing interest in employing artificial intelligence (AI) in these diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, driven by the prospect of overcoming some major limitations and enhancing healthcare efficiency, while maintaining high accuracy levels.
  • 318
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Methods Based on Software-Defined Networks
With the rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT), there is a global surge in network traffic. Software-Defined Networks (SDNs) provide a holistic network perspective, facilitating software-based traffic analysis, and are more suitable to handle dynamic loads than a traditional network. The standard SDN architecture control plane has been designed for a single controller or multiple distributed controllers; however, a logically centralized single controller faces severe bottleneck issues. 
  • 122
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cracking of Gem Opals
The value of gem opals is compromised by their potential susceptibility to “crazing”, a phenomenon observed either in the form of whitening or cracking.
  • 274
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Type 2 Diabetes: Beta Cell Compensation and Death
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a worldwide epidemic, primarily driven by obesity from overnutrition and sedentariness. Physiologically, T2D manifests as an inability of the pancreatic beta cells to produce and secrete a sufficient bolus of insulin to elicit a response in target cells to transport glucose from the blood and properly regulate glucose levels. Insulin is synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic beta cells where it undergoes a series of post-translational modifications to form mature insulin. Insulin resistance requires more insulin to be produced by beta cells to compensate for these desensitized cells. Consequently, this compensation causes additional strain on beta cells. This stress primarily originates from the ER and can also trigger oxidative stress. These cellular stresses can lead to beta cell decompensation, manifested by dysfunction and eventually a loss of beta cell mass.
  • 175
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Biofeedback in Patellofemoral Pain Conservative Treatment
atellofemoral pain syndrome is typical of active young adults, manifesting as retro patellar or peripatellar pain. It usually begins slowly and progresses with a gradual increase in pain. Often atraumatic, it has been linked to increased weight bearing on the patellofemoral joint.
  • 128
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Inflammatory Complications in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inborn error of immunity that typically manifests with infectious complications. As the name suggest though, inflammatory complications are also common, often affecting the gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary tracts and other tissues. These can be seen in all various types of CGD, from X-linked and autosomal recessive to X-linked carriers. The pathogenetic mechanisms underlying these complications are not well understood, but are likely multi-factorial and reflect the body’s attempt to control infections. The different levels of neutrophil residual oxidase activity are thought to contribute to the large phenotypic variations. Immunosuppressive agents have traditionally been used to treat these complications, but their use is hindered by the fact that CGD patients are predisposed to infection. Novel therapeutic agents, like anti-TNFa monoclonal antibodies, anakinra, ustekinumab, and vedolizumab offer promise for the future, while hematopoietic stem cell transplantation should also be considered in these patients. 
  • 80
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bioflavonoids for Targeting Gut Microbiome in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), the most common type of dementia, is known as a neurodegenerative disease caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides and tau protein hyperphosphorylation resulting in the formation of neurofibrillary tangles, activation of inflammasomes, sluggish autophagy, and neuronal loss. Several of these hallmarks are linked to alteration in the gut microbiome, also known as gut dysbiosis. Selective bioflavonoids can target gut microbiome to inhibit inflammasomes and resume autophagy to stop AD pathogenesis. Two bioflavonoids, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and genistein (GS), appear to be a new paradigm of treatment for maintaining healthy gut microbiome in AD via modulating crucial AD signaling pathways.
  • 330
  • 03 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Immune and Antiviral Effects of Euglena Extracts
Influenza is an acute respiratory illness caused by influenza virus infection, which is managed using vaccines and antiviral drugs. Recently, the antiviral effects of plants and foods have gained attention. Euglena is a motile unicellular alga and eukaryotic photosynthetic microorganism. It has secondary chloroplasts and is a mixotroph able to feed by photosynthesis or phagocytosis.
  • 184
  • 01 Mar 2024
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