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Topic Review
Periconceptional Folic Acid Supplementation on Neurodevelopment of Offspring
Folate, also known as vitamin B9, facilitates the transfer of methyl groups among molecules, which is crucial for amino acid metabolism and nucleotide synthesis. Adequate maternal folate supplementation has been widely acknowledged for its pivotal role in promoting cell proliferation and preventing neural tube defects. 
  • 90
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Hidden World of Gut Microbiota
Metabolites generated from the gut microbiota play an essential role in the host’s health by regulating metabolic homeostasis. A disruption in this equilibrium can lead to the emergence of numerous illnesses and their etiology. Pesticides have been shown in a few recent studies to harm the host’s gut microbiome.
  • 264
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Myopia, Sodium Chloride, and Vitreous Fluid Imbalance
Myopia prevalence is low in native people consuming traditional diets lacking in sodium chloride, and nutritional epidemiological evidence supports the association of rising myopia prevalence with dietary sodium intake. East Asian populations have among the highest rates of myopia associated with high dietary sodium. Similar associations of sodium and rising myopia prevalence were observed in the United States in the late 20th century.
  • 103
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
SOFC-GT Integrated Technology
The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) transforms the chemical energy of fuel and oxidizer directly into electrical energy; it can be coupled with gas turbines (GT) and steam turbine to create an effective and clean hybrid power system because of its advantages in high power generation efficiency, high waste heat level, and low pollution. The idea of combining SOFC and GT is actually very simple. The gas stream at the outlet of the anode of SOFC has high energy, which can be utilized to form a hybrid system in combination with GT. The combination mechanism of SOFC and GT can realize the efficient conversion and utilization of energy and improve the overall performance of the system as well as the environmental protection performance.
  • 100
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Galleria mellonella Immune System
The study of pathogenicity and virulence of fungal strains, in vivo in the preclinical phase, is carried out through the use of animal models belonging to various classes of mammals (rodents, leproids, etc.). Although animals are functionally more similar to humans, these studies have some limitations in terms of ethics (animal suffering), user-friendliness, cost-effectiveness, timing (physiological response time) and logistics (need for adequately equipped laboratories). A good in vivo model must possess some optimal characteristics to be used, such as rapid growth, small size and short life cycle. For this reason, insects, such as Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera), Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera) and Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera), have been widely used as alternative non-mammalian models. Due to their simplicity of use and low cost, the larvae of G. mellonella represent an optimal model above all to evaluate the virulence of fungal pathogens and the use of antifungal treatments (either single or in combination with biologically active compounds). A further advantage is also represented by their simple neuronal system limiting the suffering of the animal itself, their ability to survive at near-body ambient temperatures as well as the expression of proteins able to recognise combined pathogens following the three R principles (replacement, refinement and reduction). 
  • 171
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neoantigen mRNA Vaccine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Treatment
A neoantigen mRNA vaccine is a personalized cancer vaccine that aims to target neoantigens. Neoantigens are unique antigens found on the surface of cancer cells due to somatic mutations. These genetic alterations are unique to each patient’s cancer, and the neoantigen mRNA vaccine is formulated by analyzing the patient’s tumor genome to pinpoint the mutations responsible for generating the neoantigens. The vaccine is then designed to encode these neoantigens, which are produced by the mutations, and delivered to the patient’s immune system via mRNA.
  • 118
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microalgae Cultivation Techniques and Growth Conditions
Microalgae, constituting a wide range of photosynthetic organisms, span from fundamental blue-green algae (cyanobacteria/prokaryotes) to complex seaweeds, rendering them one of the most diverse groups in the biological kingdom.
  • 361
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Freezing Effect and Bystander Effect
As a passive and defensive response to a stressful event, freezing is characterized by a reduction in body movements, bradycardia (a decrease in heart rate), and an increase in muscle tone. The phenomenon of freezing is commonly linked with fear and is believed to enhance processes related to perception and attention, which help in identifying signals that dictate suitable actions. The phenomenon of bystander inaction, commonly referred to as the bystander effect or bystander apathy, is a psychological and social occurrence where an individual observing an emergency situation fails to assist the person in distress.
  • 459
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Evidence-Based Telehealth and Smart Care
Clinical studies have utilized machine learning in telehealth and smart care for disease management, self-management, and managing health issues like pulmonary diseases, heart failure, diabetes screening, and intraoperative risks. Machine learning combined with the application of evidence-based practices in healthcare can enhance telehealth and smart care strategies by improving quality of personalized care, early detection of health-related problems, patient quality of life, patient-physician communication, resource efficiency and cost-effectiveness. 
  • 278
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Infraocclusion in the Primary and Permanent Dentition
The gradual movement of a tooth away from the occlusal plane is called infraocclusion or reinclusion. Reincluded teeth are most often deciduous molars, and permanent teeth are less frequently affected. Depending on the level of the infraocclusion, the severity of the disorder is classified as mild, moderate, or severe. The etiology of the phenomenon is not fully known. Tooth submerging can lead to serious complications, such as abnormal position of adjacent teeth, displacement of the bud of the permanent successor, shortening of the dental arch, or developmental disturbances of alveolar process. 
  • 144
  • 12 Mar 2024
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