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Topic Review
Temperatures and Light Effect on Dormancy
Dormancy is defined as the sum of processes that create a situation wherein embryonic tissues are unable to grow, even under environmental conditions that generally favor growth and development. The effects of temperature to break dormancy, from work done on peach, can be summarized as follows: Effective temperatures are between −2 °C and 13 °C, and the most effective being 4–8 °C with reduced efficiency at higher and lower temperatures. Moderate temperatures between 13 °C and 16 °C that will not break dormancy alone, when occurring in a daily cycle after previous chilling, enhance the effect of chilling. On the other hand, temperatures higher than 18 °C in a daily cycle will nullify former chilling. This negative effect of high temperatures increases the longer the duration and the higher the temperature. However, when cycles are longer than a day, the chilling effect is final and cannot be nullified by high temperatures. Apart from the effects of temperature on dormancy, light effects on dormancy in peach trials had also been detected Clearly, the dormant vegetative buds perceive light signals and react to light during dormancy and bud breaks. On the other hand, flower buds in peach were found to be non-responsive to light. Dormancy in vegetative buds is induced by short days. During endodormancy, the limitation of light and even total darkness enhance bud breaks in spring, compared to buds receiving natural light. But darkness in spring will prevent vegetative bud break even following sufficient chilling during winter.  So, there is an analogy between chilling and darkness.
  • 148
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
RBPs Associated with Cardiomyopathies
Cardiomyopathies are structural and functional abnormalities of the myocardium and represent a heterogenous group of cardiac disorders, including dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM), and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM). RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are major regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and contribute to generating protein abundance and diversity within a cell.
  • 203
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Data Gathering and Disease Detection in Healthcare WSN
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a multitude of distributed devices, equipped with sensors, to monitor physical or environmental conditions. These devices, also known as nodes, collaboratively pass their data through the network to a main location or sink where the data can be observed and analyzed. WSNs have emerged as a promising technology in healthcare, enabling continuous patient monitoring and early disease detection. 
  • 150
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Treatment of Cisplatin/Platinum-Ineligible Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma
Metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited treatment options. Cisplatin-based chemotherapy has been the standard of care in metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC). However, many patients with comorbidities cannot receive cisplatin or its alternative, carboplatin. ‘Cisplatin-ineligible’ and ‘platinum-ineligible’ patients lacked effective therapy options. However, the combination of enfortumab vedotin (EV), an antibody–drug conjugate targeting Nectin-4, with pembrolizumab (P), an antibody targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint, is changing the status quo of frontline mUC treatment, with potential synergy seen in the EV-103 and EV-302 clinical trials.
  • 230
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Infections in Disorders of Immune Regulation
Primary immune regulatory disorders (PIRDs) constitute a spectrum of inborn errors of immunity (IEIs) that are primarily characterized by autoimmunity, lymphoproliferation, atopy, and malignancy. In PIRDs, infections are infrequent compared to other IEIs. While susceptibility to infection primarily stems from antibody deficiency, it is sometimes associated with additional innate immune and T or NK cell defects. The use of immunotherapy and chemotherapy further complicates the immune landscape, increasing the risk of diverse infections. Recurrent sinopulmonary infections, particularly bacterial infections such as those associated with staphylococcal and streptococcal organisms, are the most reported infectious manifestations. Predisposition to viral infections, especially Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-inducing lymphoproliferation and malignancy, is also seen. Notably, mycobacterial and invasive fungal infections are rarely documented in these disorders. Knowledge about the spectrum of infections in these disorders would prevent diagnostic delays and prevent organ damage. 
  • 105
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Microbiota–Immunity–Hormone Interactions on Autoimmune Diseases and Infection
The immune system has to develop to defend against pathogens while simultaneously tolerating the beneficial microorganisms that coexist symbiotically with the host. Moreover, the microbiota in the large intestine plays a significant role in preserving mucosal and systemic homeostasis. The interaction between the large intestine microbiota and local immune cells is crucial for directing specific immune responses and, consequently, for performing immunomodulatory functions.
  • 127
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Weld Pool Formation in Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding
The Keyhole Plasma Arc Welding (KPAW) process utilizes arc plasma highly constricted by a water-cooled cupper nozzle to produce great arc pressure for opening a keyhole in the weld pool, achieving full penetration to the thick plate. However, advanced control of welding is known to still be difficult due to the complexity of the process mechanism, in which thermal and dynamic interactions among the arc, keyhole, and weld pool are critically important. In KPAW, two large eddies are generally formed in the weld pool behind the keyhole by plasma shear force as the dominant driving force. These govern the heat transport process in the weld pool and have a strong influence on the weld pool formation process. The weld pool flow velocity is much faster than those of other welding processes such as Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding and Gas Metal Arc (GMA) welding, enhancing the heat transport to lower the weld pool surface temperature. Since the strength and direction of this shear force strongly depend on the keyhole shape, it is possible to control the weld pool formation process by changing the keyhole shape by adjusting the torch design and operating parameters. If the lower eddy is relatively stronger, the heat transport to the bottom side increases and the penetration increases. However, burn-through is more likely to occur, and heat transport to the top side decreases, causing undercut. In order to realize further sophistication of KPAW, a deep theoretical understanding of the process mechanism is essential. 
  • 234
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Terahertz Radiation Modulates Neuronal Morphology and Dynamics Properties
Terahertz radiation falls within the spectrum of hydrogen bonding, molecular rotation, and vibration, as well as van der Waals forces, indicating that many biological macromolecules exhibit a strong absorption and resonance in this frequency band. Research has shown that the terahertz radiation of specific frequencies and energies can mediate changes in cellular morphology and function by exciting nonlinear resonance effects in proteins. However, current studies have mainly focused on the cellular level and lack systematic studies on multiple levels. Moreover, the mechanism and law of interaction between terahertz radiation and neurons are still unclear. 
  • 193
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Classification and Hemodynamic Definitions of Pulmonary Hypertension
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to a pathologic elevation of the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in a wide range of medical conditions. These conditions are classified according to similarities in pathophysiology and management in addition to their invasive hemodynamic profiles. The 2022 ESC/ERS guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension present the newest clinical classification system and includes significant updates to the hemodynamic definitions. Pulmonary hypertension is now hemodynamically defined as an mPAP > 20 mmHg, reduced from the previous threshold of ≥25 mmHg, due to important insights from both normative and prognostic data. Pulmonary vascular resistance has been extended into the definition of pre-capillary pulmonary hypertension, with an updated threshold of >2 Wood Units (WU), to help differentiate pulmonary vascular disease from other causes of increased mPAP. Exercise pulmonary hypertension has been reintroduced into the hemodynamic definitions and is defined by an mPAP/cardiac output slope of >3 mmHg/L/min between rest and exercise. While these new hemodynamic thresholds will have a significant impact on the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension, no evidence-based treatments are available for patients with mPAP between 21–24 mmHg and/or PVR between 2–3 WU or with exercise PH. 
  • 99
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Transformation of Forest Trees
Forests represent a vital natural resource and play a crucial role in climate regulation and maintaining biodiversity. However, the growth and development of forest trees are increasingly challenged by rising environmental pressures, particularly detrimental abiotic stressors. To address these challenges, genetic transformation technologies have emerged as effective solutions. Despite various difficulties in genetic transformation for forest trees, including prolonged life cycles, genetic diversity, interspecies variations, and complex regeneration systems, significant research progress has been achieved in tree gene editing, transgenic technology, and methods for delivering exogenous molecules. These technologies have the potential to enhance tree quality, increase productivity, and improve resistance to abiotic stress. 
  • 170
  • 21 Mar 2024
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