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Topic Review
Standards for Wireless Sensor Networks in Critical Infrastructures
The crucial role of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the surveillance and administration of critical infrastructures (CIs) contributes to their reliability, security, and operational efficiency. It starts by detailing the international significance and structural aspects of these infrastructures, mentions the market tension in recent years in the gradual development of wireless networks for industrial applications, and proceeds to categorize WSNs and examine the protocols and standards of WSNs in demanding environments like critical infrastructures, drawing on the recent literature.
  • 171
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Autonomous Navigation of Agricultural Robots
Regarding agricultural harvesting robots, they typically consist of mobile platforms carrying robotic arms. These robots require advanced vision systems, employing adaptive thresholding algorithms, as well as texture-based methods and color shape characteristic extraction, to identify target fruits.
  • 149
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Radar-Based Invisible Biometric Authentication
Bio-Radar (BR) systems have shown great promise for biometric applications. Conventional methods can be forged, or fooled; even alternative methods intrinsic to the user, such as the Electrocardiogram (ECG), present drawbacks as they require contact with the sensor.
  • 170
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biotechnological Valorization of Waste Glycerol into Gaseous Biofuels
The supply of waste glycerol is rising steadily, partially due to the increased global production of biodiesel. Global biodiesel production totals about 47.1 billion liters and is a process that involves the co-production of waste glycerol, which accounts for over 12% of total esters produced. Waste glycerol is also generated during bioethanol production and is estimated to account for 10% of the total sugar consumed on average. Therefore, there is a real need to seek new technologies for reusing and neutralizing glycerol waste, as well as refining the existing ones. Biotechnological means of valorizing waste glycerol include converting it into gas biofuels via anaerobic fermentation processes. Glycerol-to-bioenergy conversion can be improved through the implementation of new technologies, the use of carefully selected or genetically modified microbial strains, the improvement of their metabolic efficiency, and the synthesis of new enzymes.
  • 178
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Internet of Things Device Identification and Two-Stage Clustering
Smart home environments, which consist of various Internet of Things (IoT) devices to support and improve our daily lives, are expected to be widely adopted in the near future. Owing to a lack of awareness regarding the risks associated with IoT devices and challenges in replacing or the updating their firmware, adequate security measures have not been implemented. Instead, IoT device identification methods based on traffic analysis have been proposed. Since conventional methods process and analyze traffic data simultaneously, bias in the occurrence rate of traffic patterns has a negative impact on the analysis results. 
  • 159
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Blockchain for Revolutionary Maritime Evolution
The nautical sector is progressively transitioning towards a digital framework, aiming to harness collective benefits. This evolution involves integrating disparate existing systems into more unified, scalable platforms. Yet, this shift encounters several obstacles. In response, it is proposed to employ cutting-edge technologies like blockchain, which resonate well with the industry's requisites. The study adopts a comprehensive approach, intertwining an array of sources including scholarly literature, online data, practical applications, and industry projects, to illuminate blockchain's contributions and its potential applications. It further investigate its applicability, drawing parallels and projections from other industries. Moreover, the research delves into the challenges and proposes viable solutions. This inquiry serves as an initial exploration into blockchain's integration in the maritime realm, endorsing its transformative potential. The outcomes of this study are anticipated to be valuable for academics, policy strategists, and industry professionals in the maritime field.
  • 150
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Gel Classifications
Gel materials are non-fluid colloidal or polymer networks saturated with liquid, exhibiting characteristics of solid materials as three-dimensional networks form within the liquid phase. Nanostructured gels provide a highly porous architecture with abundant defects, facilitating efficient mass transfer and offering opportunities for composition tunability in the generation of catalytic responsive materials. The ease of synthesis and functionalization of gel materials enables the production of hierarchical porous structures with high surface areas capable of hosting various catalysts, thereby enhancing mass transport during electrocatalysis processes.
  • 160
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Enhancing Quality Control in Battery Component Manufacturing
With the current trend of outstanding electronic development, rechargeable batteries has become indispensable parts in electronic devices such as laptops, phones, and electric vehicles. In these devices, the rechargeable battery is the most important part that affects the speed, price, and performance of the device. Furthermore, the rechargeable battery also affects the safety and potential risk of using the devices. In order to create quality rechargeable battery products and minimize risks such as potential explosions, the quality of each part of the rechargeable battery must be ensured during the production process. Among these components are fastening parts used in battery assembly.
  • 155
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mars In Situ Resource Utilization Technologies
Exploration of Mars with a human crew is widely viewed as the ultimate culmination of planetary exploration. Initial human landing on Mars would be limited to the simple in situ resource utilization (ISRU) based on atmosphere only, which is immediately accessible without the challenge of remote, autonomous mining of regolith, transporting regolith, and processing regolith. In a second generation of missions, it might be possible to include processing regolith, either for hydrated minerals or for imbedded ice.
  • 218
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Pathway to Sustainability in Buildings
Traditional energy sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, are finite and face depletion. With the global concern over climate change and the limited nature of traditional energy resources, there is a critical need to transition towards more sustainable and eco-friendly energy solutions, especially within the built environment.
  • 182
  • 22 Jan 2024
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