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Topic Review
Maritime Emission Monitoring
Maritime emissions contribute significantly to global pollution, necessitating accurate and efficient monitoring methods. Traditional methods for tracking ship emissions often face limitations in real-time data accuracy, with wind measurement being a critical yet challenging aspect.
  • 119
  • 15 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Potential of Cable-Driven Continuum Robots
Rigid robots have found wide-ranging applications in manufacturing automation, owing to their high loading capacity, high speed, and high precision. Nevertheless, these robots typically feature joint-based drive mechanisms, possessing limited degrees of freedom (DOF), bulky structures, and low manipulability in confined spaces. In contrast, continuum robots, drawing inspiration from biological structures, exhibit characteristics such as high compliance, lightweight designs, and high adaptability to various environments. Among them, cable-driven continuum robots (CDCRs) driven by multiple cables offer advantages like higher dynamic response compared to pneumatic systems and increased working space and higher loading capacity compared to shape memory alloy (SMA) drives. However, CDCRs also exhibit some shortcomings, including complex motion, drive redundancy, challenging modeling, and control difficulties.
  • 321
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Infrared Thermography in Building Diagnostics and Condition Monitorin
Infrared thermography is a non-destructive technique that uses infrared radiation to visualize surface temperature variations. It is a versatile tool that can be used to detect a variety of problems in buildings, including insulation deficiencies, moisture intrusion, structural compromise, and electrical faults.
  • 196
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Corrosion at the Steel–Medium Interface
Corrosion on the interface between a metal alloy, such as steel, and a wet, permeable non-metallic medium is of considerable practical interest. Examples include the interface between steel and water, the atmosphere or concrete, as for steel reinforcement bars; between metal and soil, as for buried cast iron or steel pipes; deposits of some type, as in under-deposit corrosion; and the interface with insulation, protective coatings, or macro- or micro-biological agents. In all cases, corrosion initiation depends on the characteristics of the interfacial zone, both of the metal and the medium, and the spatial variability. For (near-)homogeneous semi-infinite media with good interfacial contact, the pitting, crevices and general corrosion of the metal will be largely controlled by the metal (micro-)characteristics, including its inclusions, imperfections and surface roughness. 
  • 251
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Passenger Boarding Strategies
Boarding time constitutes a critical element of turnaround time, which is used to measure the efficiency of airline operations. Therefore, to reduce boarding time, it is imperative to reconsider traditional passenger boarding strategies to make them more efficient. Different techniques have been used to address the problem, including the following: (1) simulation, (2) analytical methods, and (3) experiments in the aircraft.
  • 278
  • 11 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Modeling Hydraulically Powered Flight Control Actuation System
Many different types of aircraft designs have flight control systems (FCS) powered by hydraulic systems. With respect to the torques, moments, surface areas, and opposing forces to be acted upon, components introduce faults into the hydraulic system when these components are aging or degrading. The diagnostics of a hydraulically powered flight control actuation system (HPFCAS) rely on the faults produced within the subsystem components as well as the entire system’s mechanism itself.
  • 195
  • 09 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Domain Adaptive Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Images
Semantic segmentation techniques for remote sensing images (RSIs) have been widely developed and applied. When a large change occurs in the target scenes, model performance drops significantly. Therefore, unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) for semantic segmentation is proposed to alleviate the reliance on expensive per-pixel densely labeled data.
  • 137
  • 09 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Fuel Cells Technologies
The complexity of Fuel Cell (FC) systems demands a profound and sustained understanding of the various phenomena occurring inside of it. Thus far, FCs, especially Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), have been recognized as being among the most promising technologies for reducing Green House Gas (GHG) emissions because they can convert the chemical energy bonded to hydrogen and oxygen into electricity and heat.
  • 121
  • 09 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Production of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete
Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is defined as a type of concrete that exhibits compressive strength greater than 120 MPa, a nominal maximum aggregate size of less than 5 mm, and flowability between 200 mm and 250 mm. UHPC exhibits a tensile strength greater than 5 MPa. According to the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), USA, UHPC is characterized by the use of a combination of Portland cement and supplementary cementitious materials, an optimised gradation of granular materials, a high volume of discontinuous internal fibres, and a low water-to-cementitious materials ratio of less than 0.25. The microstructure of UHPC is characterized irregular pores, which control liquid evaporation and enhance durability in comparison to conventional and high-performance concretes.
  • 161
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Optimization Examples for Water Allocation, Energy, Carbon Emissions, and Costs
The field of Water Resources Management (WRM) is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary, realizing its direct connections with energy, food, and social and economic sciences, among others. Computationally, this leads to more complex models, wherein the achievement of multiple goals is sought. Optimization processes have found various applications in such complex WRM problems. This entry considers the main factors involved in modern WRM, and puts them in a single optimization problem, including water allocation from different sources to different uses and non-renewable and renewable energy supplies, with their associated carbon emissions and costs. The entry explores the problem mathematically by presenting different optimization approaches, such as linear, fuzzy, dynamic, goal, and non-linear programming models. Furthermore, codes for each model are provided in Python, an open-source language. This entry has an educational character, and the examples presented are easily reproducible, so this is expected to be a useful resource for students, modelers, researchers, and water managers.
  • 143
  • 08 Feb 2024
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