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Topic Review
Management of Pediatric Feeding Disorder
Pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) is defined as impaired oral intake that is not age appropriate and is associated with at least one dysfunctional domain: medical; nutritional; feeding skills; and psychosocial  Feeding difficulties take time to resolve and are best managed in progressive phases. A series of short-term goals are typically developed that can lead to complex interdisciplinary coordination of care. Using a stepwise treatment approach to PFD is important because, even though feeding problems are relatively common—occurring in up to 45% of children in the general population—the condition is severe enough to warrant intensive intervention in about 10%. A stepwise approach ensures that feeding problems are not overlooked or treated inappropriately.
  • 250
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
High-Fat Diet in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
The intestinal immune balance is disrupted by a high-fat diet (HFD) in several ways, such as impairing the intestinal barrier, influencing immune cells, and altering the gut microbiota. In contrast, a rational diet is thought to maintain intestinal immunity by regulating gut microbiota.
  • 247
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Biomarkers Involved in Chronic Pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is the end-stage of continuous inflammation and fibrosis in the pancreas evolving from acute- to recurrent acute-, early, and, finally, end-stage CP. Currently, prevention is the only way to reduce disease burden. In this setting, early detection is of great importance. Due to the anatomy and risks associated with direct sampling from pancreatic tissue, most of the information on the human pancreas arises from circulating biomarkers thought to be involved in pancreatic pathophysiology or injury. 
  • 247
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Advancements in Understanding NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed by an international consensus panel as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), affects up to 1 billion patients worldwide. This change in nomenclature is in keeping with more recent understanding of this disease and its inherent link to metabolic syndrome.
  • 246
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Endoscopy is an essential tool supporting inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis, and ileocolonoscopy is essential to the diagnostic process because it allows for histological sampling. A decent description of endoscopic lesions may lead to a correct final diagnosis up to 89% of the time. Moreover, endoscopy is key to evaluating endoscopic severity, which in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is associated with worse disease outcomes (e.g., more frequent advanced therapy requirements or more frequent hospitalizations and surgeries). Endoscopic severity should be reported according to validated endoscopic scores, such as the Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES) or the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS) for ulcerative colitis, the Rutgeerts score for postoperative Crohn’s recurrence, and the Crohn’s disease endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS) or the simplified endoscopic score for Crohn’s disease (SES-CD) for luminal Crohn’s disease activity. 
  • 246
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Molecular Mechanisms of Lipopolysaccharides Tolerance
Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are complex molecules found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, which are composed of three main regions: lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O antigen.
  • 243
  • 09 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic Diagnosis of Early Gastric Cancer
Endoscopy is mandatory to detect early gastric cancer (EGC). When considering the cost-effectiveness of the endoscopic screening of EGC, risk stratification by combining serum pepsinogen values and anti-H. pylori IgG antibody values is very promising. After the detection of suspicious lesions of EGC, a detailed observation using magnifying endoscopy with band-limited light is necessary, which reveals an irregular microsurface and/or an irregular microvascular pattern with demarcation lines in the case of cancerous lesions. Endocytoscopy enables us to make an in vivo histological diagnosis. 
  • 243
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress-Induced Cellular Senescence in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a worryingly increasing cause of malignancy-related mortality, while Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) is going to become its most common cause. Understanding the complex underlying pathophysiology of MAFLD-related HCC can provide opportunities for successful targeted therapies. Of particular interest in this sequela of hepatopathology is cellular senescence, a complex process characterised by cellular cycle arrest initiated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous cell stressors. A key biological process in establishing and maintaining senescence is oxidative stress, which is present in multiple cellular compartments of steatotic hepatocytes. Oxidative stress-induced cellular senescence can change hepatocyte function and metabolism, and alter, in a paracrine manner, the hepatic microenvironment, enabling disease progression from simple steatosis to inflammation and fibrosis, as well as HCC. The duration of senescence and the cell types it affects can tilt the scale from a tumour-protective self-restricting phenotype to the creator of an oncogenic hepatic milieu. 
  • 241
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Multidisciplinary Approach for Acute Colonic Obstruction Endoscopic Management
Acute colonic obstruction is one of the most common manifestations of locally advanced colorectal cancer. Endoscopic stenting has become by far the minimally invasive treatment of choice for malignant colonic obstruction especially in the palliative setting. 
  • 240
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Glucocorticoids in Alcoholic Hepatitis
Alcoholic hepatitis is a major health and economic burden worldwide. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the only first-line drugs recommended to treat severe alcoholic hepatitis (sAH), with limited short-term efficacy and significant side effects.
  • 237
  • 30 Sep 2022
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