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Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in Repopulation during Radiotherapy
Tumour repopulation during treatment is a well acknowledged yet still challenging aspect of cancer management. The latest research results show clear evidence towards the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that are responsible for tumour repopulation, dissemination, and distant metastases in most solid cancers. Cancer stem cell quiescence and the loss of asymmetrical division are two powerful mechanisms behind repopulation. Another important aspect in the context of cancer stem cells is cell plasticity, which was shown to be triggered during fractionated radiotherapy, leading to cell dedifferentiation and thus reactivation of stem-like properties. Repopulation during treatment is not limited to radiotherapy, as there is clinical proof for repopulation mechanisms to be activated through other conventional treatment techniques, such as chemotherapy. The dynamic nature of stem-like cancer cells often elicits resistance to treatment by escaping drug-induced cell death.
  • 118
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Non-Obvious Complications of Obesity in Children
Obesity is currently one of the most significant public health challenges worldwide due to the continuous increase in obesity rates among children, especially younger children. Complications related to obesity, including serious ones, are increasingly being diagnosed in younger children. Symptoms such as feelings of hunger and behavioral and mood disorders, from agitation and irritation to slowness and drowsiness, weakness, even loss of consciousness, increased sweating, and heart palpitations, occur in people without diabetes and are associated with a rapid decrease in blood glucose concentration in response to a carbohydrate-rich food stimulus.
  • 345
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Management of Tumor Mutational Burden-High Advanced Solid Malignancies
A standardized assessment of Tumor Mutational Burden (TMB) poses challenges across diverse tumor histologies, treatment modalities, and testing platforms, requiring careful consideration to ensure consistency and reproducibility. Despite clinical trials demonstrating favorable responses to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), not all patients with elevated TMB exhibit benefits, and certain tumors with a normal TMB may respond to ICIs. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the intricate interplay between TMB and the tumor microenvironment, as well as genomic features, is crucial to refine its predictive value. Advancements in bioinformatics hold potential to improve the precision and cost-effectiveness of TMB assessments, addressing existing challenges. 
  • 207
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Development of Agents with Biological Activities by Umbelliferone
Umbelliferone (UMB), known as 7-hydroxycoumarin, hydrangine, or skimmetine, is a naturally occurring coumarin in the plant kingdom, mainly from the Umbelliferae family that possesses a wide variety of pharmacological properties. In addition, the use of nanoparticles containing umbelliferone may improve anti-inflammatory or anticancer therapy. Also, its derivatives are endowed with great potential for therapeutic applications due to their broad spectrum of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, neuroprotective, antipsychotic, antiepileptic, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antiviral, and antiproliferative effects.
  • 307
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Rocahepevirus ratti as Cause of Acute Hepatitis Worldwide
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a widespread human infection that causes mainly acute infection and can evolve to a chronic manifestation in immunocompromised individuals. In addition to the common strains of hepatitis E virus (HEV-A), known as Paslahepevirus balayani, pathogenic to humans, a genetically highly divergent rat origin hepevirus (RHEV) can cause hepatitis possessing a potential risk of cross-species infection and zoonotic transmission. Rocahepevirus ratti, formerly known as Orthohepevirus C, is a single-stranded RNA virus, recently reassigned to Rocahepevirus genus in the Hepeviridae family, including genotypes C1 and C2.
  • 206
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
The Role of Ocular Fundus in Systemic Infections
Examining the ocular fundus demonstrates significant clinical relevance in systemic infections among inpatients. The necessity of such evaluations is not universal for all infectious cases but critical when systemic infections, notably those demonstrating a potential for ocular involvement. The utilization of a collaborative decision tree is proposed to guide clinicians in identifying patients who may derive substantial benefit from fundus examinations, thereby enhancing diagnostic accuracy and tailoring therapeutic interventions. A well-structured, interdisciplinary approach, combining systemic and ocular assessments, is crucial to establish diagnostic clarity and refine therapeutic approaches, especially in the complex clinical scenarios often presented by inpatients with systemic infections. Ultimately, adopting this strategic framework aims to promote better patient outcomes through informed and timely intervention strategies.
  • 443
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Resveratrol and Gut Microbiota Synergy
Resveratrol (RSV) exerts beneficial properties in the modulation of cardiovascular, metabolic, and post-COVID-19-related disorders. In healthy individuals, it maintains an ergogenic capacity, prevents oxidative stress, and modulates the inflammatory response. Overall, it improves quality of life. The RSV–gut-microbiota interaction is beneficial in terms of maintaining human health. Along with physical activity, it is key for the prevention of chronic noncommunicable diseases.
  • 147
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Complications Associated with Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion
The main advantage of Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion (OLIF) is its ability to provide safe access to the lumbar spine while being a robust interbody fusion technique through a minimally invasive approach. The rate of major complications after OLIF is minimal, making it a safe procedure with significant benefits outweighing the risks. The advantages of OLIF L2-5 with posterior stabilisation over stand-alone OLIF L2-5 is a subject of discussion.
  • 132
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Deep Brain Stimulation for Refractory Neurological Disorder Management
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been extensively studied due to its reversibility and significantly fewer side effects. DBS is mainly a symptomatic therapy, but the stimulation of subcortical areas by DBS is believed to affect the cytoarchitecture of the brain, leading to adaptability and neurogenesis. The neurological disorders most commonly studied with DBS were Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder. 
  • 353
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis for Body Composition Assessment
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) is a reliable, non-invasive, objective, and cost-effective body composition assessment method, with high reproducibility. 
  • 219
  • 22 Dec 2023
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