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Topic Review
Demodex Mite in Human Skin
Saprophytic mites called Demodex are commonly found on the skin of adult humans. They are primarily present in the folliculosebaceous units of facial skin and are a part of the normal skin microbiota. When present in low numbers, they do not cause any harm. However, their increased density has been linked to certain skin disorders. For instance, Demodex infestation is frequently observed in rosacea, raising concerns about its role as a contributing factor in this condition.
  • 315
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Potential Beneficial Effects of Dietary Supplements against COVID-19
Diet and dietary supplements aim to add trace elements, vitamins, and minerals to the body to improve human health and boost the immune system. In the peculiar circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, in combination with disease prevention techniques, the strengthening of the immune system is considered particularly important to enable it to effectively respond to and eliminate the SARS-CoV-2 viral pathogen in the event of infection. 
  • 348
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Adherence to Intranasal Steroids in CRSwNP
Adherence to treatment is essential in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP). Intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) are the first-line therapy, followed by systemic corticosteroids and surgery if needed. In cases of refractory disease, biologics are added to conventional treatment, making adherence to INCS crucial in assessing eligibility for these targeted therapies.
  • 106
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial and fundamental mechanism in many cellular processes, beginning with embryogenesis via tissue remodulation and wound healing, and plays a vital role in tumorigenesis and metastasis formation. EMT is a complex process that involves many transcription factors and genes that enable the tumor cell to leave the primary location, invade the basement membrane, and send metastasis to other tissues. Moreover, it may help the tumor avoid the immune system and establish radioresistance and chemoresistance. It may also change the normal microenvironment, thus promoting other key factors for tumor survival, such as hypoxia-induced factor-1 (HIF-1) and promoting neoangiogenesis. 
  • 173
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Surgical Management of Gastroesophageal Junction Adenocarcinoma
Gastroesophageal (GE) junction adenocarcinoma is an aggressive malignancy of growing incidence and is associated with public health issues such as obesity and GERD. Management has evolved over the last two decades to incorporate a multidisciplinary approach, including endoscopic intervention, neoadjuvant chemotherapy/chemoradiation, and open or minimally invasive surgical approaches. Surgical approaches include esophagectomy, total gastrectomy, and, more recently, proximal gastrectomy. 
  • 114
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Neuropeptides and Their Roles in the Cerebellum
Although more than 30 different types of neuropeptides have been identified in various cell types and circuits of the cerebellum, their unique functions in the cerebellum remain poorly understood. Given the nature of their diffuse distribution, peptidergic systems are generally assumed to exert a modulatory effect on the cerebellum via adaptively tuning neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission, and synaptic plasticity within cerebellar circuits. Moreover, cerebellar neuropeptides have also been revealed to be involved in the neurogenetic and developmental regulation of the developing cerebellum, including survival, migration, differentiation, and maturation of the Purkinje cells and granule cells in the cerebellar cortex. On the other hand, cerebellar neuropeptides hold a critical position in the pathophysiology and pathogenesis of many cerebellar-related motor and psychiatric disorders, such as cerebellar ataxias and autism. A growing body of evidence has indicated neuropeptides as potential therapeutic targets to ameliorate these diseases effectively. 
  • 154
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Deep Brain Stimulation of Subcallosal Cingulate against Depression
Major depression contributes significantly to the global disability burden. Since the first clinical study of deep brain stimulation (DBS), over 446 patients with depression have now undergone this neuromodulation therapy, and 29 animal studies have investigated the efficacy of subgenual cingulate DBS for depression. 
  • 96
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Biology of Uveal Melanoma
Uveal melanoma arises from the pigment-producing cells in the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. Its annual incidence is estimated to be around 5–6 cases per million people, but is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults. 
  • 183
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Integrating AI and ML in Myelodysplastic Syndrome Diagnosis
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is composed of diverse hematological malignancies caused by dysfunctional stem cells, leading to abnormal hematopoiesis and cytopenia. Approximately 30% of MDS cases progress to acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a more aggressive disease. Early detection is crucial to intervene before MDS progresses to AML. Artificial intelligence (AI) involves computer programs that can think like humans, and machine learning (ML) is a part of AI that helps computers learn patterns and make predictions. By using these technologies, doctors can improve how they diagnose MDS, leading to better treatment and outcomes for patients.
  • 117
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Acid–Base Homeostasis and Renal Calcium–Phosphate Handling
Both calcium and phosphate metabolism are involved in acid–base homeostasis at several physiological intersections. Phosphate plays a key role in defense against metabolic acidosis, both as an intracellular and extracellular buffer, as well as in the renal excretion of excess H+ in the form of urinary titratable acid through this buffering reaction (Na2HPO4 ⇌ HPO42−+ 2Na and HPO42− + H+ ⇌ H2PO4−). The skeleton acts as an extracellular buffer in states of metabolic acidosis, as the acid-induced dissolution of bone hydroxyapatite releases Ca2+ and phosphate into the extracellular fluid (ECF).
  • 180
  • 21 Feb 2024
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