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Topic Review
Large Language Models in Dermatopathology
The potential advantages of Large Language Models (LLMs) include a streamlined generation of pathology reports, the ability to learn and provide up-to-date information, and simplified patient education. Existing instances of LLMs encompass diagnostic support, research acceleration, and trainee education. Challenges involve biases, data privacy and quality, and establishing a balance between AI and dermatopathological expertise. Prospects include the integration of LLMs with other AI technologies to improve diagnostics and the improvement of multimodal LLMs that can handle both text and image input. 
  • 106
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Molecular Pathobiology of Cholangiocarcinoma
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) manifests as a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors, necessitating personalized approaches. CCA are driven by an intricate landscape of genetic mutations, epigenetic dysregulation, and post-transcriptional modification, which differs based on geography (e.g., for liver fluke versus non-liver fluke-driven CCA) and exposure to environmental carcinogens (e.g., exposure to aristolochic acid). Liquid biopsy, including circulating cell-free DNA, is a potential diagnostic tool for CCA, which warrants further investigations.
  • 98
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Role of Oxidative Stress on Human Vocal Pathologies
Vocal fold pathologies include polyp, nodule, cyst, and Reinke’s edema (RE). A vocal fold polyp is usually a unilateral lesion that occurs as a result of focal hemorrhage inside the mucosa. 
  • 118
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Deciphering Childhood Rosacea
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that can affect the skin and eyes. The pathogenesis of rosacea is complex and related to interactions between genetic and environmental factors, the dysregulation of innate and acquired immune systems, the dysregulation of nerves and blood vessels, and the imbalance of the skin microbiota, particularly the overgrowth of Demodex mites.
  • 81
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Advancing Prone-Transpsoas Spine Surgery
The Prone Transpsoas (PTP) approach to lumbar spine surgery, emerging as an evolution of lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF), offers significant advantages over traditional methods. PTP has demonstrated increased lumbar lordosis gains compared to LLIF, owing to the natural increase in lordosis afforded by prone positioning. Additionally, the prone position offers anatomical advantages, with shifts in the psoas muscle and lumbar plexus, reducing the likelihood of postoperative femoral plexopathy and moving critical peritoneal contents away from the approach. Furthermore, operative efficiency is a notable benefit of PTP. 
  • 179
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacological Approaches for Managing Hypercholesterolemia
Hypercholesterolemia plays a crucial role in the formation of lipid plaques, particularly with elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) levels, which are linked to increased risks of cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Controlling blood cholesterol values, specifically reducing LDL-C, is widely recognized as a key modifiable risk factor for decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with cardiovascular diseases. Historically, statins, by inhibiting the enzyme β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG)-CoA reductase, have been among the most effective drugs.
  • 187
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Neuroglia in Administrating Nerve Blockers and Anesthesia
Dysfunction of the neuroglia can have profound consequences on the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Studies have shown that the disruption of astrocytic–endothelial interaction can compromise the permeability of BBB and its effectiveness in selectively regulating the exchange of substances. Microglia have been recognized to have a significant role in the initiation of chronic pain and in its interactions with various nerve blockers and anesthetic agents. Microglia have a role in pain resolution via a pathway that involves Cannabinoid receptor type 2 activation and MAP kinase phosphorylation. 
  • 297
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Preclinical and Clinical Endeavors Targeting Mitochondria
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons, for which current treatment options are limited. Recent studies have shed light on the role of mitochondria in ALS pathogenesis, making them an attractive therapeutic intervention target.
  • 224
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Galli–Galli Disease
Galli–Galli disease (GGD) is a rare genodermatosis that exhibits autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance. GGD typically manifests with erythematous macules, papules, and reticulate hyperpigmentation in flexural areas. A distinct atypical variant exists, which features brown macules predominantly on the trunk, lower limbs, and extremities, with a notable absence of the hallmark reticulated hyperpigmentation in flexural areas.
  • 141
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Regulation of Activity of Dual Leucine Zipper Kinase
The dual leucine zipper kinase (DLK) alias mitogen-activated protein 3 kinase 12 (MAP3K12) has gained much attention. DLK belongs to the mixed lineage kinases, characterized by homology to serine/threonine and tyrosine kinase, but exerts serine/threonine kinase activity. DLK has been implicated in many diseases, including several neurodegenerative diseases, glaucoma, and diabetes mellitus. As a MAP3K, it is generally assumed that DLK becomes phosphorylated and activated by upstream signals and phosphorylates and activates itself, the downstream serine/threonine MAP2K, and, ultimately, MAPK. In addition, other mechanisms such as protein–protein interactions, proteasomal degradation, dephosphorylation by various phosphatases, palmitoylation, and subcellular localization have been shown to be involved in the regulation of DLK activity or its fine-tuning.
  • 229
  • 26 Feb 2024
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