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Topic Review
CDKN2A/B Homozygous Deletions in Astrocytomas
The CDKN2A and CDKN2B genes are located on the short arm of chromosome 9. CDKN2A encodes for two proteins, p14 and p16, and CDKN2B encodes for p15. These proteins regulate cell growth and angiogenesis. Interpreting the impact of CDKN2A/B alterations on astrocytoma prognosis is complicated by the changes in tumour classification and a lack of uniform standards for testing CDKN2A/B. While the prognostic impact of CDKN2A/B HD is established, the role of different CDKN2A/B alterations—heterozygous deletions (HeD), point mutations, and promoter methylation—is less clear. Consequently, how these alternations should be incorporated into patient management remains controversial.
  • 814
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscles in Obesity
Skeletal muscles, as well as adipose tissue, are largely recognized as endocrine organs, producing biologically active substances, such as myokines and adipokines. They may have either beneficial or harmful effects on the organism and its functions, acting through the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. Moreover, the collocation of adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, i.e., the amount of intramuscular, intermuscular, and visceral adipose depots, may be of major importance for metabolic health. Traditionally, the generalized and progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength or physical function, named sarcopenia, has been thought to be associated with age.
  • 409
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Farming
Molecular farming is the production of recombinant proteins in plants and has gained immense interest in the biotechnology sector since it offers a novel platform that is straightforward, rapid and scalable. In addition, plants have the ability to be propagated indefinitely, providing low-cost biomass production that can be used for the large-scale manufacturing of mAbs. 
  • 399
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Medical Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease has a high incidence and prevalence in the general population. Clinical manifestations are heterogenous, and so is the response to medical treatment. Proton pump inhibitors are still the most common agents used to control reflux symptoms and for healing esophagitis, but they are not a one-size-fits-all solution for the disease. Patients with persistent troublesome symptoms despite medical therapy, those experiencing some adverse drug reaction, or those unwilling to take lifelong medications deserve valid alternatives.
  • 362
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Genetics of Female Pattern Hair Loss
Pattern hair loss can occur in both men and women, and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been continuously studied in recent years. Male androgenetic alopecia (M-AGA), also termed male pattern hair loss, is the most common type of hair loss in men. M-AGA is considered an androgen-dependent trait with a background of genetic predisposition.
  • 462
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microbiota and Immunity—Consequences of Gut Colonization
Microbiota of the gut heavily affects the development and maturation of the immune system, especially in the development of tolerance towards ingested antigens in the gut. The tolerance is developed to ensure that non-harmful antigens do not trigger an inflammatory response in the gut—with the suggestion that failure in developing tolerance will result in inflammatory-related diseases in the gut later in life.
  • 184
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Common Inflammatory Diseases and Gut Microbiota with Diet
Dietary choices can have an immense impact on the microbial flora of the gut in people with inflammatory diseases. 
  • 284
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D Supplementation on Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and inflammatory chronic disease of the central nervous system that constitutes one of the leading causes of disability among young adults. Multiple sclerosis can produce a variety of symptoms, such as fatigue, blurred vision, optic neuritis, weakness, dizziness, balance disturbances, cognitive decline, and problems with bladder control, as well as an increased risk of depression and anxiety. Fatigue is one of the most common and disabling symptoms and can be described as a subjective lack of physical and/or mental energy that interferes with usual activities. 
  • 351
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Proteinuric Kidney Disease/Nephrotic Syndrome
Proteinuria is known to be associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, and nephrotic syndrome is defined by the level of proteinuria and hypoalbuminemia. With advances in medicine, new causative genes for genetic kidney diseases are being discovered increasingly frequently.
  • 227
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Allergy Diagnosis Based on the Measurement of sIgE
Diagnosis of allergic diseases is a complex, multi-stage process. It often requires the use of various diagnostic tools. The in vitro diagnostics (IVD), which includes various laboratory tests, is one of the stages of this process. Standard laboratory tests include the measurement of the serum concentration of specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) for selected allergens, full allergen extracts and/or single allergen components (molecules). The measurement of IgE sIgE to the allergen components is called molecular allergy diagnosis.
  • 469
  • 04 Jul 2023
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