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Topic Review
Focal Nodular Hyperplasia-like Regenerative Nodules
Budd–Chiari syndrome (BCS) is a rare clinical entity characterized by hepatic venous outflow obstruction, resulting in liver congestion and subsequent chronic parenchymal damage. This condition often leads to the development of focal liver lesions, including benign focal nodular hyperplasia-like regenerative nodules, hepatocellular carcinoma, and perfusion-related pseudo-lesions. Computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance are the commonly employed imaging modalities for the follow-up of BCS patients and for the detection and characterization of new-onset lesions. The accurate differentiation between benign and malignant nodules is crucial for optimal patient management and treatment planning. 
  • 683
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability Post-Ischemia
The impact of post-ischemic brain damage on the function of the BBB is the subject of intensive research, among others, in the context of preventing or treating neurodegenerative changes with the use of substances that would pass through the barrier to the damaged brain tissue. An ischemia-reperfusion episode causes a series of changes that increase the permeability of the BBB to cellular and non-cellular blood components, lead to the opening of tight junctions, and sometimes to diffuse leakage of all blood elements through the necrotic vessel wall.
  • 273
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Neurologic Complications of Cancer Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment. As it is increasingly introduced into routine clinical practice, immune-related complications have become more frequent. Accurate diagnosis and treatment are essential, with the goal of reduced patient morbidity. Under physiological circumstances, immune checkpoints play a role in the maintenance of self-tolerance; the dysregulation of these pathways by cancers is thought to be an important mechanism of immune evasion. The most widely studied immune checkpoint inhibitors are cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4) inhibitors and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors.
  • 227
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Route of Administration in the Musculoskeletal System
The musculoskeletal system (MSKS) is composed of specialized connective tissues including bone, muscle, cartilage, tendon, ligament, and their subtypes. The primary function of the MSKS is to provide protection, structure, mobility, and mechanical properties to the body. In the process of fulfilling these functions, the MSKS is subject to wear and tear during aging and after injury and requires subsequent repair. MSKS diseases are a growing burden due to the increasing population age. 
  • 352
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Imaging in Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a growing epidemiological challenge. Appropriate diagnosis remains difficult due to heterogenous etiopathogenesis and clinical presentation. The disease may be followed by increased mortality and numerous diverse complications.
  • 257
  • 19 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Computed Tomography-Guided Bone Biopsies
Computed tomography (CT)-guided bone biopsies are currently the diagnostic tool of choice for histopathological (and microbiological) diagnoses of skeletal lesions. Several research works have well-demonstrated their safety and feasibility in almost all skeletal regions. 
  • 302
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Essential Factors Involved in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are without cure and troublesome to manage because of the considerable diversity between patients and the lack of reliable biomarkers. Diet, gut microbiota, genetics and other patient factors are essential for disease occurrence and progression. The gut epithelial barrier separates the luminal contents from the underlying tissue layers and immune cells. It controls the interactions between the patient’s immune system, the gut microbiota and environmental factors such as food components and is implicated in IBD.
  • 264
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Glycaemic Index and Substrate Metabolism in Athletes
Nutrition has a decisive influence on athletic performance. However, it is not only the nutrient intake during exercise that is important, but the daily diet must also be adapted to the requirements of physical activity in order to optimally promote training adaptations. The targeted modification of macronutrient intake is a common method of influencing substrate metabolism, fuel selection, and performance.
  • 311
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Plants Bioactive Compounds in Wound Healing
The skin, as the body’s largest and most exposed organ, can provide a readily accessible delivery route for therapeutic substances. Plants, as an important source of so-called “natural products” with an enormous variety and structural diversity that still exceeds the capacity of present-day sciences to define or even discover them, have been part of medicine since ancient times.
  • 341
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ageing, Microglia and Mitochondria in Parkinson’s Disease Neurodegeneration
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related chronic, progressive, multi-system, neurodegenerative disease with an incidence second only to Alzheimer’s disease. A PD diagnosis requires the presence of two core motor features, including diminished movement (bradykinesia), tremor, muscle rigidity, or postural instability, difficulty initiating voluntary movement (akinesia), involuntary eye movements, and blinking, which can take up to 15-20 years to become evident. There is now an increasing level of evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevated oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired cellular energy production, with the overactivation and escalation of a microglial mediated proinflammatory immune response, as naturally occurring and damaging interlinked bidirectional and self-perpetuating cycles that share common pathological processes in aging and PD. This research proposes that both chronic inflammation, microglial activation and neuronal mitochondrial impairment should be considered as concurrently influencing each other along a continuum, rather than as separate and isolated linear metabolic events that affect specific aspects of neural processing and brain function.
  • 592
  • 18 Jul 2023
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