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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Interdisciplinary Therapeutic Approaches to Atypical and Malignant Meningiomas
Meningiomas have the highest incidence among brain tumors. In contrast to benign tumors that constitute the majority of this tumor entity, the treatment of aggressive meningiomas (WHO Grade 2 and 3) is more challenging, requiring gross total removal of the tumor and the affected dura and adjuvant radiotherapy. Not every diagnosed meningioma has to or can be resected. The age and physical condition of patients play major roles in treatment decisions
  • 169
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Teeth Damage during General Anesthesia
Dental injuries during anesthesia, especially when advanced airway management is required, represent a legal problem. Factors such as poor dental condition and excessive pressure during intubation contribute to dental damage. The maxillary central incisors are commonly affected.
  • 456
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nerve Injury and Photobiomodulation
The available therapeutic options for restoring function and sensitivity in long-term nervous injuries pose challenges. Microsurgery interventions for direct nerve repair often lead to serious complications and limited success. Non-surgical methods, although somewhat effective, have limited benefits. These methods involve drug administration, such as with analgesics or corticosteroids. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has emerged as a promising approach based on clinical and laboratory studies. PBMT stimulates the migration and proliferation of neuronal fiber cellular aggregates. Experimental studies on animal models with peripheral nerve compression injuries have shown that PBMT can enhance the functionality of damaged nerves, preserving their activity and preventing scar tissue formation. The mechanism of action depends on the wavelength, which can positively or negatively affect photo acceptor resonances, influencing their conformation and activities. These findings suggest that photobiomodulation may accelerate and improve nerve regeneration.
  • 226
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Orexin in REM Sleep
Orexin plays a significant role in the modulation of REM sleep, as well as in the regulation of appetite and feeding. There is evidence on the role of orexin in the modulation of sleep and wakefulness and highlights that orexin should be considered essentially as a neurotransmitter inhibiting REM sleep and, to a lesser extent, a wake promoting agent. Subsequently, the relationship between orexin, REM sleep, and appetite regulation is examined in detail, shedding light on their interconnected nature in both physiological conditions and diseases (such as narcolepsy, sleep-related eating disorder, idiopathic hypersomnia, and night eating syndrome).
  • 317
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Types of Retinal Cell Death in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a major complication of diabetes and a leading cause of blindness worldwide. DR was recently defined as a neurovascular disease associated with tissue-specific neurovascular impairment of the retina in patients with diabetes. Neurovascular cell death is the main cause of neurovascular impairment in DR.
  • 141
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Pharmacological Approaches in NTG Therapy
Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) is defined as a subtype of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in which the intraocular pressure (IOP) values are constantly within the statistically normal range without treatment and represents approximately the 30–40% of all glaucomatous cases. NTG first recognized as a clinical entity by von Graefe in 1857, is a subtype of primary glaucoma characterized by open-angle and IOP values constantly within the statistically normal range without treatment.
  • 253
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment and Glioblastoma Cell Interplay
The invasive nature of glioblastoma is problematic in a radical surgery approach and can be responsible for tumor recurrence. In order to create new therapeutic strategies, it is imperative to have a better understanding of the mechanisms behind tumor growth and invasion. The continuous cross-talk between glioma stem cells (GSCs) and the tumor microenvironment (TME) contributes to disease progression, which renders research in this field difficult and challenging.
  • 219
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Photon-Counting CT Technology
Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) is an emerging technology that can potentially transform clinical CT imaging. The improved diagnostic performance of PCCT over conventional CT in the diagnosis and characterization of cardiovascular diseases has been demonstrated in several phantom, animal, and even human studies. 
  • 441
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
For the Cure of Atopic Dermatitis
Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are seeking a permanent cure. This entry provides three working hypotheses and perspectives for the cure of AD by restoring immune homeostasis (immune tolerance state) through activation of regulatory T (Treg) cells as follows. (1) A decreased number or function of Treg cells is a critical event leading to the development and maintenance of AD. (2) Activation of Treg cells is an effective therapeutic approach for long-term clinical improvement of AD. (3) Many different immunomodulatory strategies activating Treg cells can provide a long-term treatment-free clinical remission (cure) of AD by induction of immune tolerance state. Currently available Treg cell-targeted immunomodulatory therapies for AD include allergen immunotherapy, microbiota, vitamin D, polyvalent human immunoglobulin G, and monoclonal antibodies to the surface antigens of T cell or antigen-presenting cell. 
  • 349
  • 01 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Treatments for Depression in PD
Depression represents one of the most common non-motor disorders in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and it has been related to worse life quality, higher levels of disability, and cognitive impairment, thereby majorly affecting not only the patients but also their caregivers. Available pharmacological therapeutic options for depression in PD mainly include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and tricyclic antidepressants; meanwhile, agents acting on dopaminergic pathways used for motor symptoms, such as levodopa, dopaminergic agonists, and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitors, may also provide beneficial antidepressant effects. There is a growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy; physical exercise, including dance and mind–body exercises, such as yoga, tai chi, and qigong; acupuncture; therapeutic massage; music therapy; active therapy; repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS); and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for refractory cases.
  • 459
  • 01 Sep 2023
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