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Topic Review
Molecular Basis of Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing problem nowadays, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is its predominant complication. 
  • 123
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Renin-Angiotensin System in Autoimmune Dermatological Diseases
Autoimmune dermatological diseases (AIDD) encompass a diverse group of disorders characterized by aberrant immune responses targeting the skin and its associated structures. In recent years, emerging evidence suggests a potential involvement of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in the pathogenesis and progression of these conditions. RAS is a multicomponent cascade, primarily known for its role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance. All of the RAS components play an important role in controlling inflammation and other immune responses. Angiotensin II, the main effector, acts on two essential receptors: Angiotensin Receptor 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R). A disturbance in the axis can lead to many pathological processes, including autoimmune (AI) diseases. AT1R activation triggers diverse signaling cascades involved in inflammation, fibrosis and tissue remodeling.
  • 339
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Luteolin in Prevention and Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Polyphenols, a class of flavonoids, are secondary metabolites that play a crucial role in plant adaptation to both biotic and abiotic environments, including UV radiation, high light intensity, low/high temperatures, and attacks from pathogens, among others.
  • 154
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Thyroid Cancer in Elderly Patients
Thyroid cancer is more aggressive in elderly patients due to biological causes related to age, histotype, and the advanced stage at diagnosis. In the elderly, both the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid cancer impact quality of life.
  • 256
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Janus Kinase Inhibitors in Treatment of Dermatologic Conditions
Janus kinase inhibitors, also known as JAK inhibitors, JAKinibs or JAKi, are a new group of disease-modifying drugs. They work by inhibiting enzymes involved in the transmission of information from receptors located in the cell membrane to the cell interior, specifically to the cell nucleus, thus disrupting the JAK-STAT pathway. This pathway plays a role in key cellular processes such as the immune response and cell growth. This feature is used in the treatment of patients with rheumatological, gastroenterological and hematological diseases. It has been discovered that JAK-STAT pathway inhibitors also show therapeutic potential against dermatological diseases such as atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, alopecia areata and acquired vitiligo. Studies are underway to use them in the treatment of several other dermatoses. Janus kinase inhibitors represent a promising class of drugs for the treatment of skin diseases refractory to conventional therapy.
  • 181
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Role of Arecoline in Oral Carcinogenesis
Arecoline is the primary active carcinogen found in areca nut and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral submucous fibrosis (OSF). 
  • 163
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Imaging
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging emerged as the most definitive modality, offering real-time detection, comprehensive assessment of cardiac function, the ability to detect early myocardial changes, and superior detection of cardiotoxicity when compared to the other imaging modalities. 
  • 142
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes
Sleep is viewed as essential to the recuperation process and is distinguished as an active participant in recovery through its involvement in growth, repair, regeneration, and immunity. Furthermore, the literature has shown that the sleep of athletes impacts elements of athletic performance including both physical and cognitive performance, recovery, injury risk, and mental well-being. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must meet an individual’s sleep needs whilst also lasting for an adequate duration and being of adequate quality, which is age-dependent.
  • 365
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Inherited Metabolic Disorders Requiring Diet Regimen
Many inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), including disorders of amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, are treated with a dietary reduction or exclusion of certain macronutrients, putting one at risk of a reduced intake of micronutrients.
  • 191
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Understanding the Mental Health of Doctoral Students
Doctoral degrees include Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) and other professional doctorates such as Engineering Doctorate (EngD), Doctor of Education (EdD) or Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DClinPsy). Unlike undergraduate or postgraduate taught students, doctoral students focus upon a single, autonomous piece of research. Research indicates a high occurrence of mental health problems, mental distress, and symptoms of anxiety or depression in doctoral students. Additionally, there is concern that they may be less likely to disclose existing mental health problems or access support services than undergraduate or postgraduate taught students. This entry explores the known factors that contribute to the mental health of doctoral students studying in the United Kingdom.
  • 378
  • 19 Dec 2023
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