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Topic Review
Probiotics in Skincare and Dermatological Therapy
The skin microbiota is a pivotal contributor to the maintenance of skin homeostasis by protecting it from harmful pathogens and regulating the immune system. An imbalance in the skin microbiota can lead to pathological conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne. This imbalance can be  triggered by different elements and dynamics such as changes in pH levels, exposure to environmental toxins, and the use of certain skincare products. Some research suggests that certain probiotic strains and their metabolites (postbiotics) may provide benefits such as improving the skin barrier function, reducing inflammation, and improving the appearance of acne-prone or eczema-prone skin.
  • 348
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
POU3F4-Linked Hearing Loss
X-linked deafness (DFNX) is estimated to account for up to 2% of cases of hereditary hearing loss and occurs in both syndromic and non-syndromic forms. POU3F4 is the gene most commonly associated with X-linked deafness (DFNX2, DFN3) and accounts for about 50% of the cases of X-linked non-syndromic hearing loss. 
  • 304
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sleep-Related Dissociative States
Sleep is not only a whole-brain process but also a complex local phenomenon controlled by specific neurotransmitters that act in different neural networks, which is called “local sleep”. Moreover, the basic states of human consciousness - wakefulness, sleep onset (N1), light sleep (N2), deep sleep (N3), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep - can concurrently appear, which may result in different sleep-related dissociative states.
  • 503
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
New Pharmacotherapies in Neuropathic Pain
Neuropathic pain, which is characterized by abnormal sensory processing due to nerve damage or dysfunction, often poses challenges in finding effective and well-tolerated therapies. Traditional analgesics, such as opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), may provide limited relief or be associated with significant side effects. The investigation into new drug targets and emerging pharmacotherapies in neuropathic pain could be of great interest in enhancing pain management and improving patient outcomes. In the context of neuropathic pain, repurposing drugs gained attention as a promising strategy for discovering novel treatment options. Repurposing drugs for neuropathic pain offers several advantages in the drug development process.
  • 471
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence in Spinal Care
From enhancing imaging techniques to predicting patient outcomes, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are revolutionizing the way we approach spinal diseases. AI and ML have significantly improved spinal imaging by augmenting detection and classification capabilities, thereby boosting diagnostic accuracy. Predictive models have also been developed to guide treatment plans and foresee patient outcomes, driving a shift towards more personalized care. 
  • 407
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
CDKN2A/B Homozygous Deletions in Astrocytomas
The CDKN2A and CDKN2B genes are located on the short arm of chromosome 9. CDKN2A encodes for two proteins, p14 and p16, and CDKN2B encodes for p15. These proteins regulate cell growth and angiogenesis. Interpreting the impact of CDKN2A/B alterations on astrocytoma prognosis is complicated by the changes in tumour classification and a lack of uniform standards for testing CDKN2A/B. While the prognostic impact of CDKN2A/B HD is established, the role of different CDKN2A/B alterations—heterozygous deletions (HeD), point mutations, and promoter methylation—is less clear. Consequently, how these alternations should be incorporated into patient management remains controversial.
  • 877
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Skeletal Muscles in Obesity
Skeletal muscles, as well as adipose tissue, are largely recognized as endocrine organs, producing biologically active substances, such as myokines and adipokines. They may have either beneficial or harmful effects on the organism and its functions, acting through the endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. Moreover, the collocation of adipose tissue and skeletal muscles, i.e., the amount of intramuscular, intermuscular, and visceral adipose depots, may be of major importance for metabolic health. Traditionally, the generalized and progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength or physical function, named sarcopenia, has been thought to be associated with age.
  • 436
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Farming
Molecular farming is the production of recombinant proteins in plants and has gained immense interest in the biotechnology sector since it offers a novel platform that is straightforward, rapid and scalable. In addition, plants have the ability to be propagated indefinitely, providing low-cost biomass production that can be used for the large-scale manufacturing of mAbs. 
  • 451
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Medical Treatment of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Gastroesophageal reflux disease has a high incidence and prevalence in the general population. Clinical manifestations are heterogenous, and so is the response to medical treatment. Proton pump inhibitors are still the most common agents used to control reflux symptoms and for healing esophagitis, but they are not a one-size-fits-all solution for the disease. Patients with persistent troublesome symptoms despite medical therapy, those experiencing some adverse drug reaction, or those unwilling to take lifelong medications deserve valid alternatives.
  • 379
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Genetics of Female Pattern Hair Loss
Pattern hair loss can occur in both men and women, and the underlying molecular mechanisms have been continuously studied in recent years. Male androgenetic alopecia (M-AGA), also termed male pattern hair loss, is the most common type of hair loss in men. M-AGA is considered an androgen-dependent trait with a background of genetic predisposition.
  • 489
  • 04 Jul 2023
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