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Topic Review
Mechanism of Action of Lymphocyte Activation Gene 3
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) (CD223) is a CD4-related activation-induced cell surface inhibitory receptor that binds to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules with high affinity and negatively regulates T cell effector functions. 
  • 391
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Metabolism
Energy is needed by cancer cells to stay alive and communicate with their surroundings. The primary organelles for cellular metabolism and energy synthesis are mitochondria. Researchers recently proved that cancer cells can steal immune cells’ mitochondria using nanoscale tubes. This finding demonstrates the dependence of cancer cells on normal cells for their living and function. It also denotes the importance of mitochondria in cancer cells’ biology. Emerging evidence has demonstrated how mitochondria are essential for cancer cells to survive in the harsh tumor microenvironments, evade the immune system, obtain more aggressive features, and resist treatments. For instance, functional mitochondria can improve cancer resistance against radiotherapy by scavenging the released reactive oxygen species. Therefore, targeting mitochondria can potentially enhance oncological outcomes, according to this notion. The tumors’ responses to anticancer treatments vary, ranging from a complete response to even cancer progression during treatment. Therefore, personalized cancer treatment is of crucial importance. So far, personalized cancer treatment has been based on genomic analysis. Evidence shows that tumors with high mitochondrial content are more resistant to treatment.
  • 433
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Isolated Prolongation of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is a fundamental screening test for coagulation disturbances. An increased aPTT ratio is quite common in clinical practice. How the detection of prolonged activated aPTT with a normal prothrombin time is interpreted is therefore very important. In daily practice, the detection of this abnormality often leads to delayed surgery and emotional stress for patients and their families and may be associated with increased costs due to re-testing and coagulation factor assessment. An isolated, prolonged aPTT is seen in (a) patients with congenital or acquired deficiencies of specific coagulation factors, (b) patients receiving treatment with anticoagulants, mainly heparin, and (c) individuals/patients with circulating anticoagulants.
  • 531
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Esophageal Mucosal Resistance in Reflux Esophagitis
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has the highest prevalence among diseases of the digestive system and is characterized by a significant decrease in patients’ quality of life, comparable to arterial hypertension and coronary heart disease. One in every ten cases of reflux esophagitis leads to the formation of Barrett’s esophagus, which is associated with a high risk of esophagus adenocarcinoma. The key factors determining the progression of the disease are the frequency and duration of the reflux of the stomach’s contents. As a result, refluxate, which includes hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and, in the case of concomitant duodeno-gastric reflux, bile acids and lysolecithin, is thrown into the overlying sections of the digestive tract.
  • 267
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
In clinical practice, one of the most common interventions is volume expansion in those with perceived hypovolemia. Intravenous fluid administration is easily performable with crystalloid and colloid infusions or with various blood products. In the era, the isotonic but non-physiologic 0.9% saline and balanced solutions are available as crystalloid infusions, whereas the 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (130/0.4 or 0.42) and the 5% or 20% human albumin are available as colloids, respectively.
  • 262
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Lipid-Lowering Therapy of Post-Acute Coronary Syndrome
It has been consistently demonstrated that circulating lipids and particularly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) play a significant role in the development of coronary artery disease (CAD). Several trials have been focused on the reduction of LDL-C values in order to interfere with atherothrombotic progression. Importantly, for patients who experience acute coronary syndrome (ACS), there is a 20% likelihood of cardiovascular (CV) event recurrence within the two years following the index event. 
  • 195
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Diagnosis of Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common degenerative joint disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as a powerful tool for the evaluation and monitoring of OA due to its ability to visualize soft tissues and bone with high resolution. 
  • 221
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate among all cancer types, resulting in over 1.8 million deaths annually. Immunotherapy utilizing immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). ICIs, predominantly monoclonal antibodies, modulate co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals crucial for maintaining immune tolerance. Despite significant therapeutic advancements in NSCLC, patients still face challenges such as disease progression, recurrence, and high mortality rates. Therefore, there is a need for predictive biomarkers that can guide lung cancer treatment strategies. 
  • 327
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Invasive Imaging for Carotid Plaque Vulnerability
Carotid artery disease has traditionally been assessed based on the degree of luminal narrowing. However, this approach, which solely relies on carotid stenosis, is being questioned with regard to modern risk stratification approaches. Guidelines have introduced the concept of the “vulnerable plaque,” emphasizing specific features such as thin fibrous caps, large lipid cores, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque rupture, macrophage infiltration, and neovascularization.
  • 243
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Potential Mechanisms of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, originally used for diabetes mellitus, are gaining more popularity for other indications, owing to their positive cardiovascular and renal effects. SGLT2 inhibitors reduce heart failure (HF) hospitalization and improve cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. SGLT2 inhibitors exhibit pleotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. It is clear that these beneficial effects are not related to the anti-glycemic properties. Cardiovascular benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors are mediated by several pathways. Enhanced diuresis and vascular dilation result in afterload reduction and coronary blood flow augmentation. Ketogenesis mediated by adipose tissue and hepatocytes promote ketogenesis, which serves as an energy source for the failing heart. In addition, SGLT2 inhibitors contribute to decreasing inflammation and improving systolic and diastolic functions by reducing fibrosis and inhibiting remodeling pathways.
  • 240
  • 21 Aug 2023
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