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Topic Review
TRP Channels on the Progression of Liver Diseases
The liver serves as a vital organ with a primary metabolic function. In addition, it possesses the ability to synthesize and decompose proteins, regulate overall blood volume, eliminate toxins, and regulate immunity, all of which are crucial for maintaining normal physiological activities in the human body. 
  • 581
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Tregs in IBD
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex inflammatory chronic and pathological condition that includes Crohn’s disease (CD) and Ulcerative colitis (UC). CD primarily affects the small and large intestine whereas the prime targets for UC are colon and rectum. Immune sentinel subsets of CD4+ T cells such as Th (T helper cells)-1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of IBD. Immunological balance between effector Th cells and Trges is essential for maintaining immune-homeostasis. Immunoregulatory Trges are characterized by the expression of transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), and surface marker CD25, and are functionally immunosuppressive & important for immune tolerance. Therapeutic arrangement based on Tregs is important to address the systemic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases such as IBD and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • 581
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
STAT Proteins in Advanced and Metastasized Prostate Cancer
The STAT proteins bind to specific response elements on the DNA in the nucleus, thereby inducing gene transcription. Based on their various functions, STAT proteins are essential in several health conditions such as autoimmune diseases and cancer. Despite their broad spectrum of activity, only STAT3 affects embryonic development, as shown in STAT3 knock-out mouse experiments.
  • 580
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
Protein tyrosine kinases, especially receptor tyrosine kinases, have dominated the cancer therapeutics sphere as proteins that can be inhibited to selectively target cancer. However, protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are also an emerging target. Though historically known as negative regulators of the oncogenic tyrosine kinases, PTPs are now known to be both tumor-suppressive and oncogenic.
  • 579
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Autophagy in Cardiovascular Disease
Autophagy is a highly conserved process in which obsolete and dysfunctional cytoplasmic components (such as unfolded proteins, lipids, and damaged organelles) are degraded and recycled, and infectious organisms are removed by lysosomes. Deficient or uncontrolled activation of endothelial autophagy is associated with the onset and development of diverse cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including coronary microvascular dysfunction” (CMD).
  • 579
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Ultraviolet Protection in the Cornea
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces DNA lesions in all directly exposed tissues. In the human body, two tissues are chronically exposed to UV: the skin and the cornea. The most frequent UV-induced DNA lesions are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) that can lead to apoptosis or induce tumorigenesis. Lacking the protective pigmentation of the skin, the transparent cornea is particularly dependent on nucleotide excision repair (NER) to remove UV-induced DNA lesions. The DNA damage response also triggers intracellular autophagy mechanisms to remove damaged material in the cornea. Therapeutic solutions involving xenogenic DNA-repair enzymes such as T4 endonuclease V or photolyases exist and are widely distributed for dermatological use. 
  • 577
  • 23 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Transport through the Blood–Brain Barrier
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex structure present in mammalian organisms and is responsible for maintaining the parameters of the internal environment of the central nervous system (CNS).
  • 576
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Lipids in Macrophages of Different Tissue Location
Lipid metabolism is the major intracellular mechanism driving a variety of cellular functions such as energy storage, hormone regulation and cell division. Lipids, being a primary component of the cell membrane, play a pivotal role in the survival of macrophages. Lipids are crucial for a variety of macrophage functions including phagocytosis, energy balance and ageing. Lipid-loaded macrophages have recently been emerging as a hallmark for several diseases.
  • 576
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cell–Cell Fusion and Cancer
In addition to physiological processes, such as fertilization, placentation, myogenesis, osteoclastogenesis and wound healing/tissue regeneration the biological phenomenon of cell-cell fusion also plays a role in cancer, which was already postulated by the German physician Otto Aichel in 1911. Indeed, cancer cells could either fuse with other cancer cells or could hybridize with macrophages, fibroblasts and stem cells, thereby giving rise to tumor hybrid cells that could exhibit novel properties, such as an increased drug resistance and/or an enhanced metastasis formation capacity. 
  • 575
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Arabidopsis LSH8 ABA Signaling
LSH is a family of transcription factors with diversified functions, the members of which, in turn, are named LSH1-LSH10. LIGHT-DEPENDENT SHORT HYPOCOTYLS 1 (LSH1 was first found in Arabidopsis in 2004, the overexpression of which can enhance the light response of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings and show an obvious short hypocotyl phenotype. All members of the LSH family have a highly conserved Domain of Unknown Function 640 (DUF640) domain, which is also called the Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1 (ALOG) domain in the Pfam protein database.
  • 575
  • 03 Dec 2021
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