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Topic Review
New Frontiers in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) exhibits a limited capacity for functional and morphological repair and regeneration. Peripheral nerve recovery is a multistep process with a complex molecular and cellular regulatory circuitry. Severe injury of peripheral nerves often results in a loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions of innervated organs and tissues, therefore calling for novel treatment strategies to ensure effective regeneration.
  • 720
  • 24 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neutrophils in Brief
Neutrophils, often referred to as the unsung heroes of the immune system, are a type of white blood cell that plays a pivotal role in safeguarding our health. These versatile immune warriors are the first responders to infections and inflammation, acting as the frontline defense against invading pathogens. With their characteristic multi-lobed nuclei and granulated appearance, neutrophils may appear unassuming, but their functions are anything but ordinary. Neutrophils employ an impressive arsenal of tactics to combat threats. They execute phagocytosis, engulfing and neutralizing pathogens within specialized compartments. They release potent antimicrobial proteins and enzymes, such as defensins and lysozyme, to directly attack invaders. Neutrophils can also form intricate structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to immobilize and trap microbes. Beyond their role in innate immunity, recent discoveries have unveiled their participation in adaptive immunity, influencing long-lasting immunological memory. Despite their humble appearance, neutrophils are essential components of our body's defense mechanisms, diligently working to maintain our overall health.
  • 223
  • 28 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Neutrophils during Arboviral Infections
Arboviruses are known to cause large-scale epidemics in many parts of the world. These arthropod-borne viruses are a large group consisting of viruses from a wide range of families. The ability of their vector to enhance viral pathogenesis and transmission makes the development of treatments against these viruses challenging. Neutrophils are generally the first leukocytes to be recruited to a site of infection, playing a major role in regulating inflammation and, as a result, viral replication and dissemination. However, the underlying mechanisms through which neutrophils control the progression of inflammation and disease remain to be fully understood. In this review, we highlight the major findings from recent years regarding the role of neutrophils during arboviral infections. We discuss the complex nature of neutrophils in mediating not only protection, but also augmenting disease pathology. Better understanding of neutrophil pathways involved in effective protection against arboviral infections can help identify potential targets for therapeutics. 
  • 720
  • 05 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Neutrophil Interactions with Lymphatic System
The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes designed to balance fluid homeostasis and facilitate host immune defence. Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation to provide the first line of protection against microbial infections. The traditional view of neutrophils as short-lived cells, whose role is restricted to providing sterilizing immunity at sites of infection, is rapidly evolving to include additional functions at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Neutrophils travel via the lymphatics from the site of inflammation to transport antigens to lymph nodes. They can also enter lymph nodes from the blood by crossing high endothelial venules. Neutrophil functions in draining lymph nodes include pathogen control and modulation of adaptive immunity. Another facet of neutrophil interactions with the lymphatic system is their ability to promote lymphangiogenesis in draining lymph nodes and inflamed tissues.
  • 462
  • 19 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophil in Pancreatic Tumor Microenvironment
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a malignancy with a poor prognosis and low survival rates. PDAC is characterized by a fibroinflammatory tumor microenvironment enriched by abundant fibroblasts and a variety of immune cells, contributing to its aggressiveness. Neutrophils are essential infiltrating immune cells in the PDAC microenvironment. Recent studies have identified several cellular mechanisms by which neutrophils are recruited to tumor lesions and promote tumorigenesis. 
  • 707
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
"Neutrophil extracellular traps" (NETs) are released by neutrophils. Neutrophils act as the first line of defense during infection and inflammation. Once activated, they are able to fulfil numerous tasks to fight inflammatory insults while keeping a balanced immune response. Besides well-known functions, such as phagocytosis and degranulation, neutrophils are also able to release “neutrophil extracellular traps” (NETs).. In response to most stimuli, the neutrophils release decondensed chromatin in a NADPH oxidase-dependent manner decorated with histones and granule proteins, such as neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and cathelicidins. Although primarily supposed to prevent microbial dissemination and fight infections, there is increasing evidence that an overwhelming NET response correlates with poor outcome in many diseases. Lung-related diseases especially, such as bacterial pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aspergillosis, influenza, and COVID-19, are often affected by massive NET formation. Highly vascularized areas as in the lung are susceptible to immunothrombotic events promoted by chromatin fibers. Keeping this fragile equilibrium seems to be the key for an appropriate immune response. Therapies targeting dysregulated NET formation might positively influence many disease progressions.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Neutrophil Cell Death
Traditionally, neutrophils were seen as terminally differentiated cells destined to commit suicide on their one-way mission from bone marrow to the tissue. Neutrophils are an essential component of the innate immune response, but they are also a major contributor to inflammation. Neutrophil homeostasis is tightly regulated through balance between granulopoiesis, bone marrow storage and release, intravascular margination, and clearance of dying cells.
  • 526
  • 22 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Neutrophil Apoptosis as A Powerful Anti-Inflammatory Signal
Neutrophils are highly abundant circulating leukocytes that are amongst the first cells to be recruited to sites of infection or sterile injury. Their ability to generate and release powerful cytotoxic products ties with their role in host defence from bacterial and fungal infections. Neutrophilic inflammation is tightly regulated to limit the amount of ‘bystander injury’ caused. Neutrophils were in the past regarded as short-lived, indiscriminate killers of invading microorganisms. Neutrophils are recognised to also have important anti-inflammatory functions that are critical for the resolution of inflammation and return to homeostasis.
  • 551
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Neutral CB1 Receptor Antagonists
Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) has been one of the major targets in medication development for treating substance use disorders (SUDs). Early studies indicated that rimonabant, a selective CB1R antagonist with an inverse agonist profile, was highly promising as a therapeutic for SUDs.
  • 474
  • 20 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Neurotoxicity in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment
Immunotherapy is a milestone in the treatment of poor-prognosis pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is expected to improve treatment outcomes and reduce doses of conventional chemotherapy without compromising the effectiveness of the therapy. However, both chemotherapy and immunotherapy cause side effects, including neurological ones. 
  • 722
  • 17 May 2022
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