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Topic Review
Kidney–Gut Axis as Target for Chronic Kidney Disease
A well-balanced diet is integral for overall health, aiding in managing key risk factors for kidney damage like hypertension while supplying necessary precursors for metabolite production. Dietary choices directly influence the composition and metabolic patterns of the gut microbiota, showing promise as therapeutic tools for addressing various health conditions, including chronic kidney diseases (CKD). CKD pathogenesis involves a decline in the glomerular filtration rate and the retention of nitrogen waste, fostering gut dysbiosis and the excessive production of bacterial metabolites. These metabolites act as uremic toxins, contributing to inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling in the kidneys. Dietary interventions hold significance in reducing oxidative stress and inflammation, potentially slowing CKD progression. Functional ingredients, nutrients, and nephroprotective phytoconstituents could modulate inflammatory pathways or impact the gut mucosa. The “gut–kidney axis” underscores the impact of gut microbes and their metabolites on health and disease, with dysbiosis serving as a triggering event in several diseases, including CKD. 
  • 241
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Applications of the Comet Assay in Plant Studies
Contrarily to chronic stresses, acute (i.e., fast and dramatic) changes in environmental factors like temperature, radiation, concentration of toxic substances, or pathogen attack often lead to DNA damage. Some of the stress factors are genotoxic, i.e., they damage the DNA via physical interactions or via interference with DNA replication/repair machinery. However, cytotoxic factors, i.e., those that do not directly damage the DNA, can lead to secondary genotoxic effects either via the induction of the production of reactive oxygen, carbon, or nitrogen species, or via the activation of programmed cell death and related endonucleases. The extent of this damage, as well as the ability of the cell to repair it, represent a significant part of plant stress responses. Information about DNA damage is important for physiological studies as it helps to understand the complex adaptive responses of plants and even to predict the outcome of the plant’s exposure to acute stress. Single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet assay) provides a convenient and relatively inexpensive tool to evaluate DNA strand breaks in the different organs of higher plants, as well as in unicellular algae. Comet assays are widely used in ecotoxicology and biomonitoring applications.
  • 241
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
SMIFH2 Targets
The discovery of small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains (SMIFH2) has provided a unique tool to explore formins’ functions from the molecular to the organismal scales. Due to the important pathophysiological roles of formins in eukaryotes, SMIFH2 has been widely used.
  • 239
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sarcopenia Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of sarcopenia has multifactorial causes. Some cellular and molecular mechanisms have been suggested to be involved that include protein homeostasis imbalance, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and satellite cell dysfunction. These factors do not independently cause sarcopenia but interact with each other to cause sarcopenia.
  • 238
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Ultrastructural Features of Endothelial Cell Centrosome
The location of the centrosome near the center of the interphase cell, the concentration of various regulatory proteins in it, the organization of the centrosome radial system of microtubules through which intracellular transport is carried out by motor proteins and the involvement of the centrosome in the process of the perception of the external signals and their transmission make this cellular structure a universal regulatory and distribution center, controlling the entire dynamic morphology of an animal cell.
  • 238
  • 27 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Seminal Microbiome on Human Fertility
Certain clusters of bacteria have been associated with fertility and health, while the outgrowth of several species is potentially correlated with infertility indicators. This constitutes a compelling reason for outlining the external elements that may induce changes in the seminal microbiome composition, like lifestyle factors, gut microbiota, pathologies, prebiotics, and probiotics.
  • 236
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Autophagy in Metabolic Regulation of Cancer Stem Cells
The presence of a specific population of cells within the tumor mass, commonly known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), is thought to initiate tumor formation, maintenance, resistance, and recurrence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in CSC proliferation, self-renewal, and dormancy may provide important clues for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Autophagy, a catabolic process, has long been recognized to regulate various physiological and pathological processes. In addition to regulating cancer cells, studies have identified a critical role for autophagy in regulating CSC functions. Autophagy is activated under various adverse conditions and promotes cellular maintenance, survival, and even cell death.
  • 236
  • 22 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Iron Metabolism and Mechanisms of Ferroptosis
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered iron-dependent form of regulated cell death driven by phospholipid peroxidation and associated with processes including iron overload, lipid peroxidation, and dysfunction of cellular antioxidant systems. Ferroptosis is found to be closely related to many diseases, including cancer at every stage. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in malignant tumors that originate from epithelia promotes cancer-cell migration, invasion, and metastasis by disrupting cell–cell and cell–cell matrix junctions, cell polarity, etc.
  • 235
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Crucial Mediators of Adipocyte Intercellular Communication
Cancer research has prioritized the study of the tumor microenvironment (TME) as a crucial area of investigation. Understanding the communication between tumor cells and the various cell types within the TME has become a focal point. Bidirectional communication processes between these cells support cellular transformation, as well as the survival, invasion, and metastatic dissemination of tumor cells. Extracellular vesicles are lipid bilayer structures secreted by cells that emerge as important mediators of this cell-to-cell communication. EVs transfer their molecular cargo, including proteins and nucleic acids, and particularly microRNAs, which play critical roles in intercellular communication. Adipocytes, a significant component of the breast stroma, exhibit high EV secretory activity, which can then modulate metabolic processes, promoting the growth, proliferation, and migration of tumor cells.
  • 235
  • 31 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Insertion of Precursor Polypeptides into the ER Membrane
The protein import into the organelle termed the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the first step in the biogenesis of about one-third of the different soluble and membrane proteins (MPs) of human cells and, therefore, represents a central cell biological research topic.
  • 235
  • 28 Sep 2023
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