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Topic Review
Exercise Regulates Microglial Activation by Increasing Anti-Inflammatory Factors
Exercise impacts our body at multiple levels, including the central nervous system (CNS). In responding to exercise-related stress (e.g., hypoxia, heat, free radicals, etc.) and injuries, the body launches multiple endogenous protective and repair systems by altering gene expression and releasing a range of factors that prepare the body for the next challenge. Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can enhance brain function and attenuate neurodegeneration. Besides improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates multiple systems that are known to regulate neuroinflammation and glial activation. Activated microglia and several pro-inflammatory cytokines play active roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. 
  • 275
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Phytoestrogens in Human Osteosarcoma
Phytoestrogens are plant-derived bioactive compounds with estrogen-like properties. Their potential health benefits, especially in cancer prevention and treatment, have been a subject of considerable research in the past decade. Phytoestrogens exert their effects, at least in part, through interactions with estrogen receptors (ERs), mimicking or inhibiting the actions of natural estrogens. There has been growing interest in exploring the impact of phytoestrogens on osteosarcoma (OS), a type of bone malignancy that primarily affects children and young adults and is currently presenting limited treatment options. Considering the critical role of the estrogen/ERs axis in bone development and growth, the modulation of ERs has emerged as a highly promising approach in the treatment of OS. It delves into the multiple mechanisms through which these molecules regulate the cell cycle, apoptosis, and key pathways implicated in the growth and progression of OS, including ER signaling. Moreover, potential interactions between phytoestrogens and conventional chemotherapy agents commonly used in OS treatment will be examined. Understanding the impact of these compounds in OS holds great promise for developing novel therapeutic approaches that can augment current OS treatment modalities.
  • 275
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Microbial Consortia for Plant Protection against Diseases
Biological plant protection presents a promising and exciting alternative to chemical methods for safeguarding plants against the increasing threats posed by plant diseases. This approach revolves around the utilization of biological control agents (BCAs) to suppress the activity of significant plant pathogens. Microbial BCAs have the potential to effectively manage crop disease development by interacting with pathogens or plant hosts, thereby increasing their resistance.
  • 275
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Piperine’s Dual Mechanisms of Prevention and Destruction ofCancer
Piperine, an active alkaloid with a wide range of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects, has garnered attention for its potential in cancer prevention and treatment. Cancer chemoprevention emboldens the use of natural and synthetic biologically active substances to prevent, inhibit, or reverse cancer progression. Chemopreventive agents have been classified into blocking agents and suppressing agents. Blocking agents impede the initiation of tumors. Suppressing agents, on the other hand, act subsequently by suppressing the transformation of initiated cells into preneoplastic and/or neoplastic cells and malignancy. Piperine exhibits a unique duality in its abilities, functioning as both a blocking and a suppressing agent in cancer prevention and therapy. This dual role allows piperine to target multiple pathways and aspects of cancer development and progression, ultimately enhancing the effectiveness of chemoprevention strategies.
  • 274
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes in Glioma
Gliomas, the most prevalent primary malignant brain tumors, present a challenging prognosis even after undergoing surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Exosomes, nano-sized extracellular vesicles secreted by various cells, play a pivotal role in glioma progression and contribute to resistance against chemotherapy and radiotherapy by facilitating the transportation of biological molecules and promoting intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, exosomes exhibit the remarkable ability to traverse the blood–brain barrier, positioning them as potent carriers for therapeutic delivery. These attributes hold promise for enhancing glioma diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. 
  • 274
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Getting Sugar Coating Right—Role of Golgi Trafficking Machinery
The Golgi is the central organelle of the secretory pathway and it houses the majority of the glycosylation machinery, which includes glycosylation enzymes and sugar transporters. Correct compartmentalization of the glycosylation machinery is achieved by retrograde vesicular trafficking as the secretory cargo moves forward by cisternal maturation. The vesicular trafficking machinery which includes vesicular coats, small GTPases, tethers and SNAREs, play a major role in coordinating the Golgi trafficking thereby achieving Golgi homeostasis. Glycosylation is a template-independent process, so its fidelity heavily relies on appropriate localization of the glycosylation machinery and Golgi homeostasis. Mutations in the glycosylation enzymes, sugar transporters, Golgi ion channels and several vesicle tethering factors cause congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) which encompass a group of multisystem disorders with varying severities.
  • 273
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review
HSP-Related iPS Cell Lines
Hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) comprise a family of degenerative diseases mostly hitting descending axons of corticospinal neurons. Depending on the gene and mutation involved, the disease could present as a pure form with limb spasticity, or a complex form associated with cerebellar and/or cortical signs such as ataxia, dysarthria, epilepsy, and intellectual disability. The progressive nature of HSPs invariably leads patients to require walking canes or wheelchairs over time. The advent of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells allowed instead the direct study of morphological and molecular properties of the patient’s affected neurons generated upon in vitro differentiation.
  • 273
  • 12 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Marginal Zone Precursor-Like in Diseases
Marginal zone (MZ) B-cells are innate-like, and possess a polyreactive B-cell receptor (BCR) and several pattern recognition receptors (PRR). They are known to generate low-affinity first-line antibody responses against invading pathogens such as encapsulated bacteria.
  • 272
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
p38γ MAPK in Physiology and Disease
p38γ MAPK (also called ERK6 or SAPK3) is a family member of stress-activated MAPKs and has common and specific roles as compared to other p38 proteins in signal transduction. In addition to inflammation, p38γ metabolic signaling is involved in physiological exercise and in pathogenesis of cancer, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target. p38γphosphorylates at least 19 substrates through which p38γ activity is further modified to regulate life-important cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, cell death, and transformation, thereby impacting biological outcomes of p38γ-driven pathogenesis. P38γ signaling is characterized by its unique reciprocal regulation with its specific phosphatase PTPH1 and by its direct binding to promoter DNAs, leading to transcriptional activation of targets including cancer-like stem cell drivers.
  • 272
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3
Machado–Joseph disease (MJD) or spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) is a rare, inherited, monogenic, neurodegenerative disease, and the most common SCA worldwide. MJD/SCA3 causative mutation is an abnormal expansion of the triplet CAG at exon 10 within the ATXN3 gene. The gene encodes for ataxin-3, which is a deubiquitinating protein that is also involved in transcriptional regulation. In normal conditions, the ataxin-3 protein polyglutamine stretch has between 13 and 49 glutamines. MJD/SCA3 patients display several signals and symptoms in which the most prominent is ataxia.
  • 271
  • 21 Jul 2023
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