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Topic Review
Effects of Oxysterols on Immune Cells
Oxysterols are the products of cholesterol oxidation. They have a wide range of effects on several cells, organs, and systems in the body. Oxysterols also have an influence on the physiology of the immune system, from immune cell maturation and migration to innate and humoral immune responses. 
  • 567
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
MafA Regulation in β-Cells
β-cells are insulin-producing cells in the pancreas that maintain euglycemic conditions. Pancreatic β-cell maturity and function are regulated by a variety of transcription factors that enable the adequate expression of the cellular machinery involved in nutrient sensing and commensurate insulin secretion. One of the key factors in this regulation is MAF bZIP transcription factor A (MafA). MafA expression is decreased in type 2 diabetes, contributing to β-cell dysfunction and disease progression. The molecular biology underlying MafA is complex, with numerous transcriptional and post-translational regulatory nodes. 
  • 558
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Cancer Signaling
The process of LLPS(liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) is favored by multivalent interactions between specific protein domains, intrinsically disordered regions in proteins (IDR) and nucleic acids.
  • 516
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Regulating and Function of miR-424-5p in Cancers
MiR-424-5p has been widely identified as a tumor suppressor gene that functions in many types of human cancer. It is processed from the 5′ end arm of the miR-424 precursor, is located on human chromosome Xq26.3 and is clustered with miR-15/miR-16. MiR-424 is a member of the miR-16 family.
  • 308
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Intermediate Filaments in the Endothelial Cell
Vimentin, the main protein of endothelial intermediate filaments, is one of the most well-studied of these and belongs to type-III intermediate filaments, commonly found in cells of mesenchymal origin. Vimentin filaments are linked mechanically or by signaling molecules to microfilaments and microtubules by which coordinated cell polarisation and migration are carried out, as well as control over several endotheliocyte functions. Moreover, the soluble vimentin acts as an indicator of the state of the cardiovascular system, and the involvement of vimentin in the development and course of atherosclerosis has been demonstrated.
  • 568
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) in Cancer
Enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) are non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) transcribed in enhancer regions. They play an important role in transcriptional regulation, mainly during cellular differentiation. eRNAs are tightly tissue- and cell-type specific and are induced by specific stimuli, activating promoters of target genes in turn. eRNAs usually have a very short half-life but in some cases, once activated, they can be stably expressed and acquire additional functions. Due to their critical role, eRNAs are often dysregulated in cancer and growing number of interactions with chromatin modifiers, transcription factors, and splicing machinery have been described.
  • 487
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Protein Structure Fluctuation
Proteins are indispensable to cellular communication and metabolism. The structure on which cells and tissues are developed is deciphered from proteins. To perform functions, proteins fold into a three-dimensional structural design, which is specific and fundamentally determined by their characteristic sequence of amino acids.
  • 796
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Klotho and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are public health problems, and their prevalence rates have increased with the aging of the population. They are associated with the presence of comorbidities, in particular diabetes mellitus and hypertension, resulting in a high financial burden for the health system. Studies have indicated Klotho as a promising therapeutic approach for these conditions. Klotho reduces inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis and counter-regulates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. In CKD and AKI, Klotho expression is downregulated from early stages and correlates with disease progression. Therefore, the restoration of its levels, through exogenous or endogenous pathways, has renoprotective effects. An important strategy for administering Klotho is through mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).
  • 329
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Plant-RNA in Extracellular Vesicles
The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a common language, used by living organisms from different kingdoms as a means of communication between them. Extracellular vesicles are lipoproteic particles that contain many biomolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. The primary role of EVs is to convey information to the recipient cells, affecting their function. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles (PDEVs) can be isolated from several plant species, and the study of their biological properties is becoming an essential starting point to study cross-kingdom communication, especially between plants and mammalians. 
  • 331
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Membrane Lipids in Light-Activation of Drosophila TRP Channels
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels constitute a large superfamily of polymodal channel proteins with diverse roles in many physiological and sensory systems that function both as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. From the early days of TRP channel discovery, membrane lipids were suggested to play a fundamental role in channel activation and regulation. A prominent example is the Drosophila TRP and TRP-like (TRPL) channels, which are predominantly expressed in the visual system of Drosophila. Light activation of the TRP and TRPL channels, the founding members of the TRP channel superfamily, requires activation of phospholipase Cβ (PLC), which hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) into Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Inositol 1, 4,5-trisphosphate (IP3).
  • 540
  • 19 Apr 2022
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