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Topic Review
Targeting Akt in Treating Head and Neck Cancer
When Akt, a signalling protein, is activated by different growth factors such as epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor α/β, vascular endothelial growth factor and nerve growth factor, head and neck cancer cell spreading is stimulated. Tumour microenvironment plays an important role in cancer spreading by synthesising and secreting growth factors and suggests that targeting growth-factor-activated Akt in combination therapy could be a valuable therapeutic approach in treating head and neck cancer patients. 
  • 362
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
Respiratory Epithelial Cells against Fungal Infections
The respiratory epithelium is highly complex, and its composition varies along the conducting airways and alveoli. In addition to their primary function in maintaining the respiratory barrier and lung homeostasis for gas exchange, epithelial cells interact with inhaled pathogens, which can manipulate cell signaling pathways, promoting adhesion to these cells or hosting tissue invasion. Moreover, pathogens (or their products) can induce the secretion of chemokines and cytokines by epithelial cells, and in this way, these host cells communicate with the immune system, modulating host defenses and inflammatory outcomes.
  • 504
  • 31 May 2022
Topic Review
MAPK Pathways in Cancer Metastasis
Metastasis is perhaps the most common reason for treatment failure in cancer patients, as well as the leading cause of cancer-related death. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) are serine/threonine-protein kinases that can be activated by a variety of extracellular stimuli including growth factors, cytokines, insulin, environmental factors, and oxidative and genotoxic stress. It is becoming increasingly clear that MAPKs are involved in all the steps required for hyperproliferating cells to develop into metastatic tumors. However, scholars are currently lacking in vivo data to fully understand how MAPK signaling pathways can affect the progression of metastatic disease. 
  • 1.8K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia-Associated Long Non-Coding RNAs in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women worldwide. Long non-coding RNAs are newly described molecules that have extensive roles in breast cancer. Emerging reports have shown that there is a strong link between these RNAs and the hypoxic response of breast cancer cells, which may be an important factor for enhanced tumoral progression.
  • 314
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Microglial Endocannabinoid Signalling in Alzheimer’s Disease
Chronic inflammation in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been recently identified as a major contributor to disease pathogenesis. Once activated, microglial cells, which are brain-resident immune cells, exert several key actions, including phagocytosis, chemotaxis, and the release of pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators, which could have opposite effects on brain homeostasis, depending on the stage of disease and the particular phenotype of microglial cells. The endocannabinoids (eCBs) are pleiotropic bioactive lipids increasingly recognized for their essential roles in regulating microglial activity both under normal and AD-driven pathological conditions. 
  • 491
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Steatohepatitis, Mitochondria, and Inflammasome
Alcoholic (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are advanced stages of fatty liver disease and two of the most prevalent forms of chronic liver disease. ASH and NASH are associated with significant risk of further progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most common type of liver cancer, and a major cause of cancer-related mortality. Mitochondrial damage and activation of inflammasome complexes have a role in inducing and sustaining liver damage.
  • 291
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Pluripotent Organ-Specific Pericytes in Growth and Maturation
Cells fitting the description of Mesenchymal Stem/Signaling Cells (MSC) have been isolated from a large number of adult tissues. The original characteristics of MSC as defined by Caplan’s group were adherence to plastic, expression of a subset of cell surface antigens, and the cells could be induced in vitro to differentiate towards different cell lineages, including chondrocytes, bone cells, and adipocytes. It has been noted that MSC from most tissues or fluids are very heterogeneous, and some sources appear to have unique features, including unique lectin-binding phenotypes. Interestingly, MSC from bone marrow appear to preferentially respond to osteogenic stimuli, while MSC from synovium respond well to chondrogenic stimuli. Thus, different locations may reflect the needs of different environments.
  • 325
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Wnt Signaling Triggers Macropinocytosis
Membrane trafficking, including endocytosis and exocytosis, is very important in the interaction between cells and their environment. Endocytosis mediates the degradation of receptors, hence downregulating signaling pathways. The Wnt pathway is essential for cellular functions, such as cell fate determination, cell migration, cell polarity, neural patterning and organogenesis during embryonic development, including axis formation. Macropinocytosis is the large nonselective uptake of molecules such as nutrients and other macromolecules in the cellular environment.
  • 542
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Testicular Germ-Cell Tumours (TGCT)
Testicular Germ Cell Tumors (TGCTs) are the second most common form of Germ Cell Tumour after benign ovarian teratomas. They are considered a “curable cancer” due to their exceptionally high survival rate of their patients: young caucasian men mostly. A better stratification of those patients would mean an improvement in their quality of life, which is currently diminished by the aggressiveness of prognostic treatments. The knowledge about the relation between TGCTs and the immune system could give keys to improve prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of this cancer.
  • 343
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
STAT3 and STAT5 Activation in Solid Cancers
The Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT)3 and 5 proteins are activated by many cytokine receptors to regulate specific gene expression and mitochondrial functions. Their role in cancer is largely context-dependent as they can both act as oncogenes and tumor suppressors.  Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) proteins has been linked to many human cancers. STATs were initially discovered as latent cytosolic transcription factors that are phosphorylated by the Janus Kinase (JAK) family upon stimulation of membrane-associated cytokine and growth factor receptors. Phosphorylation triggers STAT dimerization and translocation to the nucleus to bind specific promoters and regulate transcription
  • 295
  • 23 May 2022
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