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Topic Review
CdTe Solar Cells
Cadmium telluride (CdTe) has achieved a truly impressive development that can commercially compete with silicon, which is still the king of the market. Solar cells made on a laboratory scale have reached efficiencies close to 22%, while modules made with fully automated in-line machines show efficiencies above 18%. Based on the research developed in our laboratory, the fabrication processes of both CdTe polycrystalline thin-film solar cells and photovoltaic modules are critically discussed. The most common substrates, the constituent layers and their interaction, the interfaces and the different “tricks” commonly used for obtaining highly efficient devices will be analyzed.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Cell Membrane-Targeted Bioprobes for the Imaging of Organelles
Organelles are important subsystems of cells. The damage and inactivation of organelles are closely related to the occurrence of diseases. Organelles’ functional activity can be observed by fluorescence molecular tools. Nowadays, a series of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) bioprobes with organelles-targeting ability have emerged, showing great potential in visualizing the interactions between probes and different organelles.
  • 382
  • 06 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cell Penetrating Peptides
Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are peptides that can directly adapt to cell membranes and then permeate into cells. They are usually cationic for the electronic interactions between CPPs and anionic cell membrane. Meanwhile, some of them can target a specific protein at the same time. In nanomedicine, as an element, CPPs are usually covalently linked to the surface of nanocarriers to endow their permeability to the whole system.
  • 590
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria
Certain bacteria constitute a threat to humans due to their ability to escape host defenses as they easily develop drug resistance. Bacteria are classified into gram-positive and gram-negative according to the composition of the cell membrane structure. Gram-negative bacteria have an additional outer membrane (OM) that is not present in their gram-positive counterpart; the latter instead hold a thicker peptidoglycan (PG) layer. Bacterial resistance to these drugs continues to evolve, which calls for novel antibacterial approaches to be developed.
  • 1.7K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cell-Derived Vesicles for mRNA Delivery
The clinical translation of messenger mRNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics requires safe and effective delivery systems. Although considerable progress has been made on the development of mRNA delivery systems, many challenges, such as the dose-limiting toxicity and specific delivery to extrahepatic tissues, still remain. Cell-derived vesicles, a type of endogenous membranous particle secreted from living cells, can be leveraged to load mRNA during or after their biogenesis. They have received increasing interest for mRNA delivery due to their natural origin, good biocompatibility, cell-specific tropism, and unique ability to cross physiological barriers.
  • 612
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cell-Surface Interactions on Arginine-Rich CPPs Allow for Internalization
Cellular uptake of biologically active molecules is a significant obstacle to developing drug design and controlled drug delivery. For instance, it is hard for the monoclonal antibodies to penetrate the cell membrane and enter the cell due to their large molecular weight. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have been discovered to deliver chemical drugs, nucleic acids, and macromolecules to permeate cell membranes, creating a novel route for exogenous substances to enter cells.
  • 377
  • 24 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Cellular Solid Materials
Cellular solids are materials made up of cells with solid edges or faces that are piled together to fit a certain space. These materials are already present in nature and have already been utilized in the past. Some examples are wood, cork, sponge and coral. New cellular solids replicating natural ones have been manufactured, such as honeycomb materials and foams, which have a variety of applications because of their special characteristics such as being lightweight, insulation, cushioning and energy absorption derived from the cellular structure. Cellular solids have interesting thermal, physical and mechanical properties in comparison with bulk solids: density, thermal conductivity, Young’s modulus and compressive strength. This huge extension of properties allows for applications that cannot easily be extended to fully dense solids and offers enormous potential for engineering creativity. Their Low densities allow lightweight and rigid components to be designed, such as sandwich panels and large portable and floating structures of all types. Their low thermal conductivity enables cheap and reliable thermal insulation, which can only be improved by expensive vacuum-based methods. Their low stiffness makes the foams ideal for a wide range of applications, such as shock absorbers. Low strengths and large compressive strains make the foams attractive for energy-absorbing applications. Their main properties, applications (real and potential) and recent developments are presented, summarized and discussed.
  • 281
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cellulose
Cellulose is the main substance of a plant’s cell walls, helping plants to remain stiff and upright, hence, it can be extracted from plant sources, agriculture waste, animals, and bacterial pellicle. It is composed of polymer chains consisting of unbranched β (1,4) linked D glucopyranosyl units (anhydroglucose unit, AGU).
  • 6.8K
  • 07 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Cellulose Acetate and Silver Nanoparticles
Natural patterns and structures provide inspiration for scientists of diverse technological backgrounds to create artificial products (from different materials) with similar properties as naturally occurring products. One such pattern is the naturally occurring honeycomb-like pattern (HCP). The surfaces of products with this pattern consists of thousands of interconnected hexagonally formed cells that create an efficient structure with a large surface area. The HCP, due to its excellent properties, such as structural and mechanical strength, low density, and porosity, has found applications in several areas, including architecture, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and biomedicine. HCP-like structures have also been widely used as carriers in tissue engineering (TE).
  • 460
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cellulose Alcoholysis to Alkyl-levulinate Biofuels
Alkyl levulinates (ALs) represent outstanding bio-fuels and strategic bio-products within the context of the marketing of levulinic acid derivatives. In order to promote the market for these bio-products and, concurrently, the immediate development of new applications, it is necessary to speed up the intensification of their production processes. In this regard, today, it is possible to achieve this important issue only by using low-cost or, even better, waste biomasses, as starting feedstocks. Thus, the transition to the real biomass now represents a necessary choice for allowing the next ALs production on a larger scale. The improvement of the available synthetic strategies, the use of raw materials and the development of new applications for ALs can contribute to develop more intensified, greener and sustainable processes. 
  • 761
  • 16 Dec 2020
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