Submitted Successfully!
To reward your contribution, here is a gift for you: A free trial for our video production service.
Thank you for your contribution! You can also upload a video entry or images related to this topic.
Version Summary Created by Modification Content Size Created at Operation
1
Klaudia Hurtuková
 + 1547 word(s) 1547 2021-07-22 08:49:33 |
2 format correct
Enzi Gong
 Meta information modification 1547 2021-08-04 02:23:47 |

Video Upload Options

We provide professional Video Production Services to translate complex research into visually appealing presentations. Would you like to try it?
No, upload directly Yes

Confirm

Are you sure to Delete?
Yes No
Cite
If you have any further questions, please contact Encyclopedia Editorial Office.
Hurtuková, K. Cellulose Acetate and Silver Nanoparticles. Encyclopedia. Available online: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12711 (accessed on 22 December 2024).
Hurtuková K. Cellulose Acetate and Silver Nanoparticles. Encyclopedia. Available at: https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12711. Accessed December 22, 2024.
Hurtuková, Klaudia. "Cellulose Acetate and Silver Nanoparticles" Encyclopedia, https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12711 (accessed December 22, 2024).
Hurtuková, K. (2021, August 03). Cellulose Acetate and Silver Nanoparticles. In Encyclopedia. https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/12711
Hurtuková, Klaudia. "Cellulose Acetate and Silver Nanoparticles." Encyclopedia. Web. 03 August, 2021.
Cellulose Acetate and Silver Nanoparticles
Edit
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/ma14144051

Natural patterns and structures provide inspiration for scientists of diverse technological backgrounds to create artificial products (from different materials) with similar properties as naturally occurring products. One such pattern is the naturally occurring honeycomb-like pattern (HCP). The surfaces of products with this pattern consists of thousands of interconnected hexagonally formed cells that create an efficient structure with a large surface area. The HCP, due to its excellent properties, such as structural and mechanical strength, low density, and porosity, has found applications in several areas, including architecture, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and biomedicine. HCP-like structures have also been widely used as carriers in tissue engineering (TE).

biopolymers honeycomb-like pattern surface nanostructures silver nanoparticles antimicrobial activity surface morphology antibacterial properties silver sputtering active materials

1. Overview

Fluorinated ethylene propylene modified by plasma treatment was used as a suitable substrate for the formation of the HCP structures. Further, we modified the HCP structures using silver sputtering (discontinuous Ag nanoparticles) or by adding Ag nanoparticles in PEG into the cellulose acetate solution. The material morphology was then determined using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the material surface chemistry was studied using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and wettability was analyzed with goniometry. The AFM and SEM results revealed that the surface morphology of pristine HCP with hexagonal pores changed after additional sample modification with Ag, both via the addition of nanoparticles and sputtering, accompanied with an increase in the roughness of the PEG-doped samples, which was caused by the high molecular weight of PEG and its gel-like structure. The highest amount (approx. 25 at %) of fluorine was detected using the EDS method on the sample with an HCP-like structure, while the lowest amount (0.08%) was measured on the PEG + Ag sample, which revealed the covering of the substrate with biopolymer (the greater fluorine extent means more of the fluorinated substrate is exposed). As expected, the thickness of the Ag layer on the HCP surface depended on the length of sputtering (either 150 s or 500 s). The sputtering times for Ag (150 s and 500 s) corresponded to layers with heights of about 8 nm (3.9 at % of Ag) and 22 nm (10.8 at % of Ag), respectively. In addition, we evaluated the antibacterial potential of the prepared substrate using two bacterial strains, one Gram-positive of S. epidermidis and one Gram-negative of E. coli. The most effective method for the construction of antibacterial surfaces was determined to be sputtering (150 s) of a silver nanolayer onto a HCP-like cellulose structure, which proved to have excellent antibacterial properties against both G+ and G− bacterial strains.

2. HCP-Like Films

Natural patterns and structures provide inspiration for scientists of diverse technological backgrounds to create artificial products (from different materials) with similar properties as naturally occurring products [1][2]. One such pattern is the naturally occurring honeycomb-like pattern (HCP) [2][3]. The surfaces of products with this pattern consists of thousands of interconnected hexagonally formed cells that create an efficient structure with a large surface area. The HCP, due to its excellent properties, such as structural and mechanical strength, low density, and porosity, has found applications in several areas, including architecture, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, and biomedicine [1][2][4]. HCP-like structures have also been widely used as carriers in tissue engineering (TE) [5].
Carriers that are mainly used in TE should mimic their extracellular matrix (ECM) morphology to ensure compatibility with living organisms and a three-dimensional (3D) structure. The ECM provides a natural environment for cultured cells, improving their adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [6][7][8]. The surface morphology and porous nature of HCP-like structures make them irreplaceable substrates that are useful for cell differentiation and proliferation and the creation of functional and protective sites for the adhesion of biomolecules and growth factors and the production of specific drug delivery spaces [9]. A suitable alternative to carriers for different 3D cell cultures appears to be HCP-like film structures due to their geometric regularity, which can provide mechanical and biochemical advantages in the ECM, as in living organisms [10].
The HCP-like films can be prepared in two ways, namely the (i) breath figure (BF) and (ii) improved phase separation (IPS) approaches. In 1994, Widawski et al. first prepared HCP-like films [9][11] and found that factors such as the wet conditions, solvent type, polymer structure, and molecular weight affect the spontaneous organization of pores in periodic hexagonal fields [9]. This method was named the BF approach and has undergone substantial evolution in recent decades [12]. This method has attracted that attention of scientists, mainly due to its simplicity (few steps and low complexity of preparation), economic feasibility, use of harmless and affordable media (water), fast preparation times for many porous films with large surface areas, and applicability to various polymers, as well as this method allowing the tailoring of the size and shape of the pores by changing the process parameters, such as the air humidity and polymer concentration [9]. Although the BF method has many of the mentioned positive properties in terms of versatility and cost-effectiveness, it may have applicability for commercial polymers and in very humid process conditions [13].
To avoid high humidity, low volatility solvents can be added to the polymer solution. The IPS method uses a two-step film-forming process that can be used on many commercially available polymers. In this procedure, methanol (MeOH) is added directly to the polymer solution in the chloroform (CHCl3) to form a tertiary polymer–good solvent–bad solvent system [13][14]. The ordered HCP-like structures on the surfaces of the substrates are formed after immersion of the sample into the polymer solution and subsequent drying in normal ambient air without adding additional moisture. The surface morphology of the structures depends mainly on the amount of MeOH added, but also on the concentration of the prepared solution and the ambient humidity; however, with the IPS method, the key factor affecting the pore shape, size, number, and density is the volume of MeOH in the solution. With a low MeOH content in the solution (below 10%, v/v), small round pores can be detected on the surface of the polymer. At the concentration of 15% (v/v), the pores have a hexagonal shape and are close to each other. In the case of a surplus or without the addition of methanol, the HCP-like structures are disrupted [13][14].
The cellulose acetate polymer is the most interesting of the cellulose derivatives for a wide variety of applications [15][16]. Due to its properties, including its relatively low cost, biocompatibility, biodegradation in human and animals [16][17], nonpoisonousness, mechanical strength, and dissolution in water, cellulose acetate has mainly been utilized in the field of TE [15][17][18]. It has also found use in bioapplications, drug delivery, antibacterial applications, and wound dressings [16][18][19]. Acetylation of cellulose reduces its crystallinity, providing improved biodegradability in vivo compared to plant cellulose and some of its derivatives. Ester and aerobic conditions also promote degradation [18][20][21]. IPS methods can be used with cellulose acetate to form regular hexagonal HCP-like structures.
In the search for a polymer with CA-like properties, the non-biodegradable polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer has proven to be a suitable candidate. Comparable to CA, PEG is used mainly as a carrier, including for drug delivery or for applications involving organs and tissues [22][23]. Additionally, it is resistant to protein absorption, making it suitable for in vivo and in vitro studies [24]. PEG is mostly used in the form of hydrogels. Its properties imitate a three-dimensional environment similar to soft tissues and enable the diffusion of nutrients and cell waste [25][26]. PEG is a biodegradable polymer only when copolymerized with other biodegradable polymers, such as polyglycolic acid (PGA) and poly-L-lactide acid (PLA) [27]. Many scientists have reported that PEG-based surfaces offer protection from external contamination; however, the protection level is not very high and a certain number of bacteria can get onto the polymer [28][29][30][31]. This is why the main goal is to find an antibacterial agent that can efficiently eliminate bacterial contamination, while at the same time being biocompatible with the human body [32]. One such effective option is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), since they have good antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activity [33][34][35][36]. Ag acts as an antibacterial agent in its ionic form at low concentrations, although no significant antibacterial effect was found in the Ag0 form. The deposition of an Ag layer on a substrate’s surface is mostly achieved by sputtering in a vacuum environment [37].

3. Conclusions

The Ag nanostructure was prepared in two forms—as a thin layer on the HCP-like surface or sputtered into PEG, which was used for HCP preparation itself. Through combinations of the proposed modification methods (plasma exposure, addition of AgNPs into the source solution, direct Ag deposition, and isolated cluster formation), we managed to prepare HCP-like structures with differences in morphology, surface chemistry, wettability, and antibacterial properties. The plasma deposition process created an optimal surface for the formation of an HCP-like cellulose acetate structure. The HCP samples also had good surface wettability, and surprisingly the HCP-like pattern from cellulose acetate significantly suppressed the colonization of both S. epidermidis and E. coli. Sputtering of thin Ag layers increased the contact angle of the pattern, causing particular disruption but combined with remarkable effects against both evaluated bacterial strains. The greatest decreases of CFU for both bacterial strains were determined for HCP-like units sputtered with Ag for only 150 s. The incorporation of AgNPs into the polymer solution with PEG also decreased the uniformity of the HCP pattern. The selected samples are good candidates for testing in vitro for scaffold applications in tissue engineering.

References

  1. Zhang, Q.; Yang, X.; Li, P.; Huang, G.; Feng, S.; Shen, C.H.; Han, B.; Zhang, X.; Jin, F.; Xu, F.; et al. Bioinspired engineering of honeycomb structure—Using nature to inspire human innovation. Prog. Mater. Sci. 2015, 74, 332–400.
  2. Dong, C.; Hao, J. Honeycomb films with ordered patterns and structures. In Comprehensive Supramolecular Chemistry II; Elsevier: Oxford, UK, 2017; Volume 9, pp. 207–229.
  3. Yin, H.; Zhan, F.; Yu, Y.; Li, Z.; Feng, Y.; Billon, L. Direct formation of hydrophilic honeycomb film by self-assembly in breath figure templating of hydrophobic polylacticacid/ionic surfactant complexes. Soft Mater. 2019, 15, 5052–5059.
  4. Bencsik, M.; Ramsey, M. We Discovered More about the Honeybee ‘Wake-Up Call’—And It Could Help Save Them, the Conversation. 2018. Available online: https://theconversation.com/we-discovered-more-about-the-honeybee-wake-up-call-and-it-could-help-save-them-105751 (accessed on 15 March 2020).
  5. Slepička, P.; Neznalová, K.; Fajstavr, D.; Kasálková, N.S.; Švorčík, V. Honeycomb-like pattern formation on perfluoroethylenepropylene enhanced by plasma treatment. Plasma Process Polym. 2019, 16, 1900063.
  6. Haider, A.; Haider, S.; Kummara, M.R.; Kamal, T.; Alghyamah, A.-A.A.; Iftikhar, F.J.; Bano, B.; Khan, N.; Afridi, M.A.; Han, S.S.; et al. Advances in the scaffolds fabrication techniques using biocompatible polymers and their biomedical application: A technical and statistical review. J. Saudi Chem. Soc. 2020, 24, 186–215.
  7. Asadi, N.; Del Bakhshayesh, A.R.; Davaran, S.; Akbarzadeh, A. Common Biocompatible Polymeric Materials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Mater. Chem. Phys. 2019, 122528.
  8. Tan, H.-L.; Kai, D.; Pasbakhsh, P.; Teow, S.-Y.; Lim, Y.-Y.; Pushpamalar, J. Electrospun cellulose acetate butyrate/polyethylene glycol (CAB/PEG) composite nanofibers: A potential scaffold for tissue engineering. Colloids Surfaces B Biointerfaces 2020, 188, 110713.
  9. Calejo, M.T.; Ilmarinen, T.; Skottman, H.; Kellomäki, M. Breath figures in tissue engineering and drug delivery: State-of-the-art and future perspectives. Acta Biomater. 2018, 66, 44–66.
  10. Liang, T.; Mahalingam, S.; Edirisinghe, M. Creating “hotels” for cells by electrospinning honeycomb-like polymeric structures. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2013, 33, 4384–4391.
  11. Male, U.; Shin, B.K.; Huh, D.S. Coupling of breath figure method with interfacial polymerization: Bottom-surface functionalized honeycomb-patterned porous films. Polymer 2017, 119, 206–211.
  12. Muñoz-Bonilla, A.; Fernández-García, M.; Rodríguez-Hernández, J. Towards hierarchically ordered functional porous polymeric surfaces prepared by the breath figures approach. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2014, 39, 510–554.
  13. Bui, V.-T.; Ko, S.H.; Choi, H.-S. Large-Scale Fabrication of Commercially Available, Nonpolar Linear Polymer Film with a Highly Ordered Honeycomb Pattern. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2015, 7, 10541–10547.
  14. Dong, R.; Sun, R.; Wang, X.; Chen, Z.; Jin, C. Fabrication of hierarchically structured surfaces with “rose petal” effect by a modified breath figure method. Thin Solid Films 2019, 689, 137503.
  15. Huang, H.; Dean, D. 3D printed porous cellulose acetate tissue scaffolds for additive manufacturing. Addit. Manuf. 2020, 31, 100927.
  16. Lukanina, K.I.; Grigoriev, T.E.; Krasheninnikov, S.V.; Mamagulashvilli, V.G.; Kamyshinsky, R.A.; Chvalun, S.N. Multi-hierarchical tissue-engineering ECM-like scaffolds based on cellulose acetate with collagen and chitosan fillers. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018, 191, 119–126.
  17. Ghasemi, S.M.; Alavifar, S.S. The role of physicochemical properties in the nanoprecipitation of cellulose acetate. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 230, 115628.
  18. Atila, D.; Keskin, D.; Tezcaner, A. Crosslinked pullulan/cellulose acetate fibrous scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2016, 69, 1103–1115.
  19. Wsoo, M.A.; Shahir, S.; Mohd Bohari, S.P.; Nayan, N.H.M.; Razak, S.I.A. A review on the properties of electrospun cellulose acetate and its application in drug delivery systems: A new perspective. Carbohydr. Res. 2020, 491, 107978.
  20. Kerstin, J.; Thomas, H. Cellulose modification and shaping—A review. J. Polym. Eng. 2017, 37, 845–860.
  21. Atila, D.; Keskin, D.; Tezcaner, A. Cellulose acetate based 3-dimensional electrospun scaffolds for skin tissue engineering applications. Carbohydr. Polym. 2015, 133, 251–261.
  22. Zhu, J. Bioactive modification of poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 4639–4656.
  23. Escudero-Castellanos, A.; Ocampo-García, B.E.; Domínguez-García, M.V.; Flores-Estrada, J.; Flores-Merino, M.V. Hydrogels based on poly(ethylene glycol) as scaffolds for tissue engineering application: Biocompatibility assessment and effect of the sterilization process. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2016, 27, 176.
  24. Alcantar, N.A.; Aydil, E.S.; Israelachvili, J.N. Polyethylene glycol-coated biocompatible surfaces. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 2000, 51, 343–351.
  25. Yabu, H.; Jia, R.; Matsuo, Y.; Ijiro, K.; Yamamoto, S.A.; Nishino, F.; Takaki, T.; Kuwahara, M.; Shimomura, M. Preparation of highly oriented nano-pit arrays by thermal shrinking of honeycomb-patterned polymer films. Adv. Mater. 2008, 20, 4200–4204.
  26. Tanaka, M.; Takebayashi, M.; Shimomura, M. Fabrication of ordered arrays of biodegradable polymer pincushions using self-organized honeycomb-patterned films. Macromol. Symp. 2009, 279, 175–182.
  27. Cardoso, V.F.; Correia, D.M.; Ribeiro, C.; Fernandes, M.M.; Lanceros-Méndez, S. Fluorinated polymers as smart materials for advanced biomedical applications. Polymers 2018, 10, 161.
  28. Hasan, A.; Waibhaw, G.; Saxena, V.; Pandey, L.M. Nano-biocomposite scaffolds of chitosan, carboxymethyl cellulose and silver nanoparticle modified cellulose nanowhiskers for bone tissue engineering applications. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 111, 923–934.
  29. Sahan, Y.; Gurbuz, O.; Goncagul, G.; Kara, A.; Ozakin, C. Antimicrobial effect of PEG-PLA on food-spoilage microorganisms. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 2017, 26, 1123–1128.
  30. Singh, S.; Alrobaian, M.M.; Molugulu, N.; Agrawal, N.; Numan, A.; Kesharwani, P. Pyramid-Shaped PEG-PCL-PEG Polymeric-Based Model Systems for Site-Specific Drug Delivery of Vancomycin with Enhance Antibacterial Efficacy. ACS Omega 2020, 5, 11935–11945.
  31. Sautrot-Ba, P.; Razza, N.; Breloy, L.; Andaloussi, S.A.; Chiappone, A.; Sangermano, M.; Hélary, C.; Belbekhouche, S.; Coradin, T.; Versace, D. Photoinduced chitosan-PEG hydrogels with long-term antibacterial properties. J. Mater. Chem. 2018, 7, 6526–6538.
  32. Qing, Y.A.; Cheng, L.; Li, R.; Liu, G.; Zhang, Y.; Tang, X.; Wang, J.; Liu, H.; Qin, Y. Potential antibacterial mechanism of silver nanoparticles and the optimization of orthopedic implants by advanced modification technologies. Int. J. Nanomed. 2018, 13, 3311–3327.
  33. Yin, I.X.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, I.S.; Mei, M.L.; Li, Q.; Chu, C.H. The Antibacterial Mechanism of Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Dentistry. Int. J. Nanomed. 2020, 15, 2555–2562.
  34. Tormena, R.P.L.; Motta, E.V.; Breloy, B.D.F.O.; Chaker, J.A.; Fagg, C.H.W.; Freire, D.O.; Martins, P.M.; da Silva, I.C.R.; Sousa, M.H. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles obtained by microwave-assisted green synthesis using Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos underbark extract. RSC Adv. 2020, 10, 20676–20681.
  35. Liao, S.; Zhang, Y.; Pan, X.; Zhu, F.; Jiang, C.; Liu, Q.; Cheng, Z.; Dai, G.; Wu, G.; Wang, L.; et al. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of silver nanoparticles against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int. J. Nanomed. 2019, 14, 1469–1487.
  36. Jayakumar, R.; Prabaharan, M.; Shalumon, K.T.; Chennazhi, K.P.; Nair, S.V. Biomedical Applications of Polymer/Silver Composite Nanofibers. In Biomedical Applications of Polymeric Nanofibers; Jayakumar, R., Nair, S., Eds.; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2012; pp. 263–282.
  37. Vosmanská, V.; Kolářová, K.; Pišlová, M.; Švorčík, V. Chemické a fyzikální modifikace biomateriálů na bázi celulosy. Chem. Listy 2017, 111, 614–621. Available online: http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/docs/full/2017_10_614-621.pdf (accessed on 18 June 2021).
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
Upload a video for this entry
Information
Subjects: Materials Science, Composites
Contributor MDPI registered users' name will be linked to their SciProfiles pages. To register with us, please refer to https://encyclopedia.pub/register :
Klaudia Hurtuková
View Times: 557
Revisions: 2 times (View History)
Update Date: 04 Aug 2021
Table of Contents
    1000/1000
    Hot Most Recent
    Video Production Service
    Feedback