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Topic Review
Pyrido[2,3-d], [3,2-d], [3,4-d] and [4,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives
The structures composed of a pyridopyrimidine moiety which have shown a therapeutic interest or have already been approved for use as therapeutics, including pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines, pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines and pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Atomic Force Microscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is one of the microscopic techniques with the highest lateral resolution. It can usually be applied in air or even in liquids, enabling the investigation of a broader range of samples than scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which is mostly performed in vacuum. Since it works by following the sample surface based on the force between the scanning tip and the sample, interactions have to be taken into account, making the AFM of irregular samples complicated, but on the other hand it allows measurements of more physical parameters than pure topography.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Optical Fiber-Integrated Metasurfaces
The advent of metasurface technology has revolutionized the field of optics and photonics in recent years due to its capability of engineering optical wavefronts with well-patterned nanostructures at the subwavelength scale. Meanwhile, inspired and benefited from the tremendous success of the “lab-on-fiber” concept, the integration of metasurface with optical fibers, due to its powerful function of light manipulation and shaping in the 2D version, has drawn particular interest, which truly establishes a novel technological platform for the development of “all-in-fiber" metasurface-based devices.
  • 905
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Pore-Selective Functionalization of HCP Films
Recent developments in the field of the breath figure (BF) method leading to pore-selective functionalization of honeycomb-patterned (HCP) films attracted great interest. The pore-selective functionalization of the HCP film gives unique properties to the film which can be used for specific applications like protein recognition, catalysis, selective cell culturing, and drug delivery.
  • 483
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Total Polyphenol Content in Food Samples and Nutraceuticals
Total polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity were estimated in various food and nutraceutical samples. These were analyzed by using two antioxidant assays—ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and Folin–Ciocalteu (FC)—and a reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with a focus on providing compositional fingerprints dealing with polyphenolic compounds. A preliminary data exploration via principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that HPLC fingerprints were suitable chemical descriptors to classify the analyzed samples according to their nature. Moreover, chromatographic data were correlated with antioxidant data using partial least squares (PLS) regression.
  • 568
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Array-Based Cell Sensing for Chemical Screening
Synthetic chemicals are widely used in the daily life, making chemical safety assessments necessary for environmental exposure. Additionally, the rapid determination of chemical drug efficacy and safety is a key step in therapeutic discoveries. Cell-based screening methods are non-invasive, and cellular phenotypic changes can also provide more sensitive indicators of chemical effects than conventional cell viability. Array-based cell sensors can be engineered to maximize sensitivity to changes in cell phenotypes, lowering the threshold for detecting cellular responses under external stimuli. Therefore, array-based sensing can provide a robust strategy for both cell-based chemical risk assessments and therapeutics discovery.
  • 500
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Melissa officinalis
Melissa officinalis is a medicinal plant rich in biologically active compounds which is used worldwide for its therapeutic effects. Chemical studies on its composition have shown that it contains mainly flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, tannins, and essential oil. The main active constituents of Melissa officinalis are volatile compounds (geranial, neral, citronellal and geraniol), triterpenes (ursolic acid and oleanolic acid), phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid), and flavonoids (quercetin, rhamnocitrin, and luteolin). 
  • 898
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Sol-Gel Materials
Microorganism-cell-based biohybrid materials have attracted considerable attention over the last several decades. They are applied in a broad spectrum of areas, such as nanotechnologies, environmental biotechnology, biomedicine, synthetic chemistry, and bioelectronics. Sol-gel technology allows to obtain a wide range of high-purity materials from nanopowders to thin-film coatings with high efficiency and low cost, which makes it one of the preferred techniques for creating organic-inorganic matrices for biocomponent immobilization.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Aromatic Polyimide Films for Electronic Applications
Aromatic polyimides have excellent thermal stability, mechanical strength and toughness, high electric insulating properties, low dielectric constants and dissipation factors, and high radiation and wear resistance, among other properties, and can be processed into a variety of materials, including films, fibers, carbon fiber composites, engineering plastics, foams, porous membranes, coatings, etc. Aromatic polyimide materials have found widespread use in a variety of high-tech domains, including electric insulating, microelectronics and optoelectronics, aerospace and aviation industries, and so on, due to their superior combination characteristics and variable processability. In recent years, there have been many publications on aromatic polyimide materials, including several books available to readers. In this review, the representative progress in aromatic polyimide films for electronic applications, especially in our laboratory, will be described.
  • 878
  • 05 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Eugenol-based O/W Emulsion by Low-energy Emulsification
Emulsions are systems formed by two immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed in the other as droplets with a relative stability. These have multiple applications, among them, in the formulation of pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. Its preparation requires generating a large interfacial area, which is usually attained by using the physicochemical formulation know-how on surfactant-oil-water (SOW) systems. Among the applications in the pharmaceutical industry, topical creams, and emulsions for intravenous and for oral administration can be found.  Eugenol can be extracted from cloves (Syzygium aromaticum) by various methods, including steam distillation, hydrodistillation and Soxhlet extraction. Furthermore, emulsions based on eugenol can be obtained for a variety of applications, including as topical and oral anesthetic. Nanoemulsions can be formulated with a mixture of non-ionic surfactants Span 20/Tween 80 at an HLB of 11 to 13 and a total surfactant concentration of 4%, using the dilution phase transition method (so-called spontaneous emulsification) to attain stable O/W eugenol-based emulsions. Paraffin oil/eugenol ratio of 4/1 can be used to reach a final emulsion internal oil phase content of 10% with 4% surfactant and 86% aqueous phase. Different polymers are used as viscosifiers, including carboxymethylcellulose. Under these conditions, eugenol-based emulsions with an average droplet size of less than 2 μm can be attained, with topical and oral anesthetic characteristics.
  • 1.9K
  • 03 Apr 2022
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