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Topic Review
Microfluidic Devices for Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells
CTCs (circulating tumor cells) are well-known for their use in clinical trials for tumor diagnosis. Capturing and isolating these CTCs from whole blood samples has enormous benefits in cancer diagnosis and treatment. In general, various approaches are being used to separate malignant cells, including immunomagnets, macroscale filters, centrifuges, dielectrophoresis, and immunological approaches. These procedures, on the other hand, are time-consuming and necessitate multiple high-level operational protocols. In addition, considering their low efficiency and throughput, the processes of capturing and isolating CTCs face tremendous challenges. Meanwhile, recent advances in microfluidic devices promise unprecedented advantages for capturing and isolating CTCs with greater efficiency, sensitivity, selectivity and accuracy. In a very short span of time, microfluidics has emerged in several technological advancements. There are a variety of materials for microfluidic device fabrication, each with different properties according to the requirements. Based on the required specific characteristics of the fabrication material and product requirements, different techniques are used for the development of the device. Another major aspect is the cost of the involved material. In most cases, used devices are disposed of. Thus, the method involved should be economically feasible.
  • 419
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Indirect Type Electrochemical Glycated Hemoglobin Sensors
Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is the gold standard for measuring glucose levels in the diagnosis of diabetes due to the excellent stability and reliability of this biomarker. HbA1c is a stable glycated protein formed by the reaction of glucose with hemoglobin (Hb) in red blood cells, which reflects average glucose levels over a period of two to three months without suffering from the disturbance of the outside environment. A number of simple, high-efficiency, and sensitive electrochemical sensors have been developed for the detection of HbA1c. Indirect type electrochemical HbA1c sensors work based on the measurement of fructosyl valine/fructosyl valine histidine (FV or FVH), which is a form of enzymatic determination. According to the type of enzymes, indirect sensors are divided into fructosyl amino acid oxidase (FAO) type, fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX) type, and molecularly imprinted catalyst (MIC) type sensors. These enzymes usually need to be processed with nanotechnology or imprinting technology to immobilize them on the electrode surface. 
  • 575
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan and Its Derivatives in Promoting Drug Permeation
Chitosan is the product of N-deacetylation of chitin. Due to the simultaneous presence of amino, acetamido, and hydroxyl groups in the molecule, chitosan is quite active in nature and can be modified, activated, and coupled, showing rich functionality and modifiability in biological applications. As the only polycationic polymer of natural origin, chitosan is capable of interacting with negatively charged cell membranes to assist the loading of drugs across the cell membrane.
  • 597
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Methanol
As an energy source, methanol presents the advantage of being liquid at environmental temperature, which makes it easier to transport and store.
  • 997
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lung-Cancer-Related Exhaled Breath Biomarkers
Lung cancer has been studied for decades because of its high morbidity and high mortality. Traditional methods involving bronchoscopy and needle biopsy are invasive and expensive, which makes patients suffer more risks and costs. Various noninvasive lung cancer markers, such as medical imaging indices, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and exhaled breath condensates (EBCs), have been discovered for application in screening, diagnosis, and prognosis. However, the detection of markers still relies on bulky and professional instruments, which are limited to training personnel or laboratories. This seriously hinders population screening for early diagnosis of lung cancer. Advanced smartphones integrated with powerful applications can provide easy operation and real-time monitoring for healthcare, which demonstrates tremendous application scenarios in the biomedical analysis region from medical institutions or laboratories to personalized medicine.
  • 462
  • 21 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Direct Synthesis of Functionalized Azahelicenes
As azahelicenes are helicenes bearing one or more nitrogen atom(s) in the molecular framework, parent azahelicenes can be functionalized on carbon atoms by exploiting the presence of the electron-withdrawing nitrogen atom. Moreover, they can be transformed into quaternary salts, whose properties are quite different from those of the parent azahelicenes in terms of the solubility and electronic properties. The synthesis of helicenes can be obtained following different strategies, namely (a) oxidative photocyclization, (b) Diels–Alder reactions, (c) Friedel–Crafts reactions, and (d) metal-mediated reactions. Strategies (a) and (d) have been mainly used to obtain the direct synthesis of functionalized azahelicenes by using appropriate starting materials, bearing functional side substituents compatible with the reaction to be performed.
  • 626
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Biodegradable Microparticles for Regenerative Medicine
Regenerative medicine is one of the most attractive topics of research worldwide. Different strategies are proposed, and a range of materials of various forms and compositions tailored for tissue engineering are developed, but this approach just started to emerge in clinics. Biodegradable microparticles (MPs) made from degradable and biocompatible polymers, with a mean diameter of ~200 μm, are attractive not only as 3D matrices to multiply cells but also as a scaffold to support tissue rebuilding.
  • 546
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive Glasses in Bone Regeneration
Mesoporous bioactive glasses (MBGs) is a category of bioceramics that, as will be explained, can be considered intermediate between traditional bioactive glasses—obtained by quenching of a melt or by the sol-gel method—and silica mesoporous materials. These bioactive glasses can be considered a spin-off of silica mesoporous materials because they are designed with a similar technical approach. Mesoporous glasses in addition to SiO2 contain significant amounts of other oxides, particularly CaO and P2O5 and therefore, they exhibit quite different properties and clinical applications than mesoporous silica compounds. Both materials exhibit ordered mesoporous structures with a very narrow pore size distribution that are achieved by using surfactants during their synthesis. The characteristics of mesoporous glasses made them suitable to be enriched with various osteogenic agents, namely inorganic ions and biopeptides as well as mesenchymal cells. 
  • 792
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Camelids' Milk
Camel milk has always represented an important food for nomadic people in the arid parts of the world; recently, camel milk attracted great attention as a possible replacer to dairy cow’s milk because of its therapeutic effects. The use of alternative milk for feeding children can be effective in reducing the development of gastrointestinal disorders.
  • 854
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Spray Drying for Oils Encapsulation
This is a entry focused on the application of spray drying technology for the edible oils encapsulation. This entry covered most of the relevant works have done recently on the encapsulation of oils by spray drying. The factors affecting the process of encapsulation and the application in food with the properties of the final product.The application of the spray drying technique in the food industry for the production of a broad range of ingredients has become highly desirable compared to other drying techniques. Recently, the spray drying technique has been applied extensively for the production of functional foods, pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Encapsulation using spray drying is highly preferred due to economic advantages compared to other encapsulation methods. Encapsulation of oils using the spray drying technique is carried out in order to enhance the handling properties of the products and to improve oxidation stability by protecting the bioactive compounds. Encapsulation of oils involves several parameters—including inlet and outlet temperatures, total solids, and the type of wall materials—that significantly affect the quality of final product.
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  • 19 Apr 2022
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