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Topic Review
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Monitoring in Cartilage Tissue Engineering
The main purpose of cartilage TE (CTE) is tissue regeneration, multiplication, and differentiation of cells into a desired tissue-specific form by selecting suitable cellular scaffolds and the cells’ favorable growth conditions. CTE represents a major challenge due to the specific properties of cartilage tissue, slow growth, characteristic structure of extracellular matrix (ECM), extraordinary mechanical properties, and a high degree of dedifferentiation in cell cultures. Cellular scaffolds used in CTE are essential because they allow for cultivation in 3D structures and stimulate hyaline cartilage formation. These scaffolds should meet the relevant requirements, including biocompatibility, suitable degradability, appropriate physicochemical, biological, and architectural features (porosity, pore permeability, mechanical properties and so on), and stimulate the cartilage phenotype. Designing an appropriate scaffold for CTE is a complex procedure, as it is necessary to create a framework with a specific and replicable architecture. It starts with finding the right biomaterial and follows with the right construction technique to prepare an ideal cellular scaffold to cover all the required characteristics. The development of the cartilage-like scaffold must be based on biocompatible and biodegradable biomaterials. At the same time the construction technique must allow the design of various shapes and sizes with a controlled microstructure to promote cellular adhesion, migration, and growth of the cells present in the target tissue. Finally, the stimulation of cartilage phenotype, the production of cartilage-specific ECM (e.g., aggrecan and collagen type 2), and the maintenance of the desired cellular morphology are essential for scaffold use in CTE. Failure to provide the mentioned characteristics leads to cell dedifferentiation and altered gene expression from cartilage-specific to (most commonly) fibroblastic type, a complex challenge that so far has not been conquered.
  • 329
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Adrenergic Drugs
This is a list of adrenergic drugs. These are pharmaceutical drugs, naturally occurring compounds and other chemicals that influence the function of the neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenaline).
  • 693
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Functionalization of Cotton Fabrics with Nanotechnology
Textiles are commonly used in industries and households. The surface modification of textiles to impart multiple functions has recently gained a lot of attention. Researchers have successfully functionalized textiles for antibacterial, self-cleaning, flame retardant, UV protection, and enhanced performance properties. Therefore, high-tech materials and fabric constructions will improve wearer comfort while incorporating distinctive features. Among natural fibers, cotton is the most popular because of its softness, breathability, safety, low cost, regeneration performance, strength, elasticity, biodegradability, and hydrophilicity. Cotton fabric does, however, have some disadvantages, including the possibility of microbial attacks on its fibrous structure, the ease with which creases form, and the loss of mechanical strength. Microorganisms can easily grow and propagate on cotton fabrics because they are able to store humidity and have a high specific surface area. A variety of fields, including health and medicine, have benefited from cotton fibers with antimicrobial properties. Hygienic, functional, durable, and comfortable cotton fabrics are expected in modern times. Utilizing nanotechnology in cotton cloth is a significant challenge in achieving these characteristics and advancements. Nanoparticles have been incorporated into textile finishing stages to address the inherent problems while also imparting functional properties to textile materials.
  • 572
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Smart Materials for Wearable Technology in Healthcare
Thanks to the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for the development of miniaturized and wearable sensors has skyrocketed. Among them, novel sensors for wearable medical devices are mostly needed. Wearable sensors can monitor physiological parameters in a non-invasive way, thus strongly reducing but not fully avoiding any reactions. With the goal of smart health monitoring, nanosized sol–gel precursors, bringing coupling agents into their chemical structure, were used to modify halochromic dyestuffs, both minimizing leaching from the treated surfaces and increasing photostability for the development of stimuli-responsive sensors.
  • 450
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hard Carbons as Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are regarded as promising alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the field of energy, especially in large-scale energy storage systems. Tremendous effort has been put into the electrode research of SIBs, and hard carbon (HC) stands out among the anode materials due to its advantages in cost, resource, industrial processes, and safety. However, different from the application of graphite in LIBs, HC, as a disordered carbon material, leaves more to be completely comprehended about its sodium storage mechanism, and there is still plenty of room for improvement in its capacity, rate performance and cycling performance.
  • 749
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fabrication of Receptors, Devices for Quantification of Fluoride
Fluoride (F¯) is the most electronegative and lightest member of the halogen group of elements. The contamination of groundwater with inorganic fluoride is due to the withering of underground rocks and also due to increased globalization. According World Health Organisation (WHO) High fluoride concentration in groundwater beyond the permissible limit of 1.5 mg/L is a major threat to human and animal health. 
  • 610
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lignin as Renewable Building Block for Sustainable Polyurethanes
Lignin, being a natural aromatic polymer rich in functional hydroxyl groups, has been drawing the interest of academia and industry for its valorization, especially for the development of polymeric materials. Among the different types of polymers that can be derived from lignin, polyurethanes (PUs) are amid the most important ones, especially due to their wide range of applications. Lignin, being a natural aromatic polymer rich in functional hydroxyl groups, has been drawing the interest of academia and industry for its valorization, especially for the development of polymeric materials. Among the different types of polymers that can be derived from lignin, polyurethanes (PUs) are amid the most important ones, especially due to their wide range of applications. 
  • 793
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Chemical Affinity
In chemical physics and physical chemistry, chemical affinity is the electronic property by which dissimilar chemical species are capable of forming chemical compounds. Chemical affinity can also refer to the tendency of an atom or compound to combine by chemical reaction with atoms or compounds of unlike composition.
  • 7.8K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Annatto
Annatto (/əˈnætoʊ/ or /əˈnɑːtoʊ/) is an orange-red condiment and food coloring derived from the seeds of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana), native to tropical America. It is often used to impart a yellow or orange color to foods, but sometimes also for its flavor and aroma. Its scent is described as "slightly peppery with a hint of nutmeg" and flavor as "slightly nutty, sweet and peppery". The color of annatto comes from various carotenoid pigments, mainly bixin and norbixin, found in the reddish waxy coating of the seeds. The condiment is typically prepared by grinding the seeds to a powder or paste. Similar effects can be obtained by extracting some of the color and flavor principles from the seeds with hot water, oil, or lard, which are then added to the food. Annatto and its extracts are now widely used in an artisanal or industrial scale as a coloring agent in many processed food products, such as cheeses, dairy spreads, butter and margarine, custards, cakes and other baked goods, potatoes, snack foods, breakfast cereals, smoked fish, sausages, and more. In these uses, annatto is a natural alternative to synthetic food coloring compounds, but it has been linked to rare cases of food-related allergies. Annatto is of particular commercial value in the United States because the Food and Drug Administration considers colorants derived from it to be "exempt of certification".
  • 825
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Isomer
In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae — that is, same number of atoms of each element — but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism is existence or possibility of isomers. Isomers do not necessarily share similar chemical or physical properties. Two main forms of isomerism are structural or constitutional isomerism, in which bonds between the atoms differ; and stereoisomerism or spatial isomerism, in which the bonds are the same but the relative positions of the atoms differ. Isomeric relationships form a hierarchy. Two chemicals might be the same constitutional isomer, but upon deeper analysis be stereoisomers of each other. Two molecules that are the same stereoisomer as each other might be in different conformational forms or be different isotopologues. The depth of analysis depends on the field of study or the chemical and physical properties of interest. The English word "isomer" (/ˈaɪsəmər/) is a back-formation from "isomeric", which was borrowed through German isomerisch from Swedish isomerisk; which in turn was coined from Greek ἰσόμερoς isómeros, with roots isos = "equal", méros = "part".
  • 947
  • 20 Oct 2022
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