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Topic Review
Wire and Arc Additive Manufactured Materials Corrosion Behaviour
Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is a deposition rate process for the creation and/or repair of large structural metallic components. The non-equilibrium heating and cooling conditions associated with WAAM lead to the development of heterogenous microstructures. Although there is a large body of work focusing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of WAAM-fabricated components, assessment of the corrosion behaviour of alloys fabricated by WAAM is still in its infancy. Here, the body of knowledge associated with the corrosion behaviour of different WAAM-fabricated engineering alloys is presented and discussed. Future perspectives and potential research topics are also presented. This is the first work focusing on the corrosion of wire and arc additive manufactured materials.
  • 430
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Macroion Layers/Complexes in Growth Factor Delivery
Macroion assemblies form an efficient scaffold for GF adsorption. Such assemblies enable the targeted delivery of these proteins without losing their activity. Specific attention is given to three types of growth factors: vascular endothelial growth factors, human fibroblast growth factors, and neurotrophins, as well as selected biocompatible synthetic macroions (obtained through standard polymerization techniques) and polysaccharides (natural macroions composed of repeating monomeric units of monosaccharides). Understanding the mechanisms by which growth factors bind to potential carriers could lead to more effective delivery methods for these proteins, which are of significant interest in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative and civilization diseases, as well as in the healing of chronic wounds.
  • 395
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Metallic and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Diseases caused by infections are becoming harder to treat as the antibiotics used become less effective. A combination of strategies to develop active biomaterials that enhance antibacterial effects are desirable, especially ones that cause fewer side effects and promote healing properties. The development of new antimicrobial products is necessary to avoid the transmission of infection in healthcare environments. In this sense, metallic and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) have been gaining attention due to their unique size-dependent physical and chemical properties. The best known examples of this category are the NPs of elements such as silver, copper, gold, palladium, and platinum, which are used in varied areas of application (catalytic, biomedical, and electronic) as their properties are distinguished from those presented by the bulk. NPs are especially effective against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. 
  • 547
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fundamentals of the Electroreduction of CO2
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the main greenhouse gases and the major factor driving global climate change. From the viewpoint of abundance, economics, non-toxicity, and renewability, CO2 is an ideal and significant C1 resource, and its capture and recycling into fuels and chemical feedstocks using renewable energy is of great significance for the sustainable development of society. Electrochemical CO2 reduction reactions (CO2RRs) are an important pathway to utilize CO2 resources. Zinc has been demonstrated as an effective catalyst for CO2RRs.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Composition and Preparation of Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials
Phase change materials (PCMs) have been extensively utilized in latent thermal energy storage (TES) and thermal management systems to bridge the gap between thermal energy supply and demand in time and space, which have received unprecedented attention in the past few years. To effectively address the undesirable inherent defects of pristine PCMs such as leakage, low thermal conductivity, supercooling, and corrosion, enormous efforts have been dedicated to developing various advanced microencapsulated PCMs (MEPCMs). 
  • 520
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Silver and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
The versatility of Ag-NPs and zinc oxide NPs (ZnO-NPs) in rendering themselves to many applications, including in sensors, renewable energies, environmental remediation, bio-therapeutic devices, clothing, antimicrobial is currently being explored.
  • 528
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Synthetic Organic Antimicrobial Agents
Synthetic organic antimicrobial agents are organic compounds and polymers that exhibit antimicrobial activity, which is self-activated through the aforementioned mode of action. Their chemical structure is critical for their categorisation. Recently, a huge number of antimicrobial polymers were synthesized. These species could be quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), halogen-containing compounds (molecules containing fluorine or chlorine, N-halamines or triclosan), guanidine-containing polymers (polyhexamethylene vinyguanide), polymers containing phospho- and sulpho-derivatives, polymers of phenol and benzoic acid derivatives, nitro compounds, urea, amines, formaldehyde, organometallic polymers and others.
  • 483
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Fermentation (Food)
Fermentation typically refers to the conversion of sugar to alcohol using yeast. However, a more appropriate definition would be the chemical conversion of carbohydrates into alcohols or acids. The process is used to produce wine, beer and leavened bread, but fermentation is also employed in preservation to create lactic acid in sour foods such as pickled cucumbers, kimchi and yogurt. The science of fermentation is known as zymology.
  • 1.2K
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Mussel-Inspired Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Loaded Hydrogels
Hydrogels, with 3D hydrophilic polymer networks and excellent biocompatibilities, have emerged as promising biomaterial candidates to mimic the structure and properties of biological tissues. Nanomaterials can be classified into three main types based on their dimensionality (size and morphology): zero-dimensional (0D), one-dimensional (1D), and two-dimensional (2D). The 0D nanomaterials are solid, porous, and hollow structures, such as mesoporous silica nanoparticles (NPs), metal-organic frameworks, hydroxyapatite NPs, iron oxide magnetic NPs, silver NPs, and conductive polymer-based NPs.
  • 407
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
5-Arylidenerhodanines as P-gp Modulators
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered one of the major mechanisms responsible for the failure of numerous anticancer and antiviral chemotherapies. Various strategies to overcome the MDR phenomenon have been developed, and one of the most attractive research directions is focused on the inhibition of MDR transporters, membrane proteins that extrude cytotoxic drugs from living cells. 
  • 364
  • 14 Apr 2023
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