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Topic Review
Annealing Methods in the Growth of Perovskite Grains
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising and fast-growing type of photovoltaic cell due to their low cost and high conversion efficiency. The high efficiency of PSCs is closely related to the quality of the photosensitive layer, and the high-quality light absorbing layer depends on the growth condition of the crystals. In the formation of high-quality crystals, annealing is an indispensable and crucial part, which serves to evaporate the solvent and drive the crystallization of the film. Various annealing methods have different effects on the promotion of the film growth process owing to the way they work.
  • 645
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Fabrication of SiC Membranes
The scale of research for developing and applying silicon carbide (SiC) membranes for gas separation has rapidly expanded over the last few decades. The precursor-derived ceramic approaches for preparing SiC membranes include chemical vapor deposition (CVD)/chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) deposition and pyrolysis of polymeric precursor. Generally, SiC membranes formed using the CVD/CVI deposition route have dense structures, making such membranes suitable for small-molecule gas separation. On the contrary, pyrolysis of a polymeric precursor is the most common and promising route for preparing SiC membranes, which includes the steps of precursor selection, coating/shaping, curing for cross-linking, and pyrolysis. Among these steps, the precursor, curing method, and pyrolysis temperature significantly impact the final microstructures and separation performance of membranes.
  • 645
  • 19 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanofluid Preparation and Stability
The advent of nanotechnology has brought about significant technological advancements in many fields of study. The birth of nanofluids as an advanced thermal transport media in the area of thermal management is a laudable and notable feat. Nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluids) have been extensively researched and established to be better than conventional thermal transport media due to their enhanced thermophysical and convective properties.
  • 645
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Improvement of Energy Storage in Phase Change Materials
Utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) is one of the most effective methods of storing thermal energy and is gaining popularity in renewable energy systems. In order to analyze PCM performance, various numerical methods have been deployed to study the transient behaviour during phase changes. PCMs’ low thermal conductivity prevents their use as pure PCMs in industrial applications. There are various efficient methods of enhancing PCM thermal conductivity.
  • 645
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Properties of Seashells
Researchers around the world have conducted extensive experiments with waste seashells in the form of seashell aggregates and seashell powder. The physical, mechanical, and durability properties of seashell concrete are largely determined by the properties of the aggregates and powders that make up the shell.
  • 645
  • 21 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Polymeric Wastewater Purification Membranes
Over the past few years, polymeric membranes are widely used for applications in separation technologies. They show better flexibility, pore formation mechanism, thermal and chemical stability, and demand less area for installation. Wastewater purification is among the most desirable application of these membranes. In comparison to conventional separation materials, membranes offer economical and efficient treatment. The polymers employed in the synthesis of each membrane are selectively chosen to enhance the optimal performance in wastewater purification.
  • 644
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
MIECs for Food Safety and Drug Detection
Due to their advantages of good flexibility, low cost, simple operations, and small equipment size, electrochemical sensors have been commonly employed in food safety. However, when they are applied to detect various food or drug samples, their stability and specificity can be greatly influenced by the complex matrix. By combining electrochemical sensors with molecular imprinting techniques (MIT), they will be endowed with new functions of specific recognition and separation, which make them powerful tools in analytical fields. MIT-based electrochemical sensors (MIECs) require preparing or modifying molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) on the electrode surface. MIECs behave promisingly in applications in food and drug safety detection.
  • 644
  • 06 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Three-finger Toxin
Three-finger toxins (abbreviated 3FTx) are a protein superfamily of small toxin proteins found in the venom of snakes. Three-finger toxins are in turn members of a larger superfamily of three-finger protein domains which includes non-toxic proteins that share a similar protein fold. The group is named for its common structure consisting of three beta strand loops connected to a central core containing four conserved disulfide bonds. The 3FP protein domain has no enzymatic activity and is typically between 60-74 amino acid residues long. Despite their conserved structure, three-finger toxin proteins have a wide range of pharmacological effects. Most members of the family are neurotoxins that act on cholinergic intercellular signaling; the alpha-neurotoxin family interacts with muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), the kappa-bungarotoxin family with neuronal nAChRs, and muscarinic toxins with muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs).
  • 644
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Click Chemistry in Building Hierarchical Structures
Hierarchical structures are an essential part of numerous types of architecture in nature. They are defined as the presence of different structural elements with different length scales in a single body. This different length scale gives each hierarchical structure its “order, n” and characteristic properties. The higher the (n) the more sophisticated hierarchical structures; where n = 0 refers to continuum materials with only a single length scale. Noteworthy, several composites are considered low-ordered hierarchical structures. The idea of building blocks for hierarchical structures intersects perfectly with the modularity concept in click chemistry. Click chemistry is a powerful tool for constructing nano, micro and macro structures through two different approaches: (A) the first approach: through direct crosslinking of (pico-building blocks) monomers give a final micro/macro structure such as hydrogels; (B) the second approach: through nano-building blocks formation using click chemistry (e.g., dendrimers and dendrons) followed by connecting and crosslinking those formed nano-building blocks again using click chemistry to form bigger structures
  • 644
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Modification and Application of Bamboo-Based Materials
In light of continual societal advancement and escalating energy consumption, the pursuit of green, low-carbon, and environmentally friendly technologies has become pivotal. Bamboo, renowned for its diverse advantages encompassing swift growth, ecological compatibility, robust regenerative properties, commendable mechanical characteristics, heightened hardness, and abundant availability, has discovered applications across various domains, including furniture and construction. Nevertheless, natural bamboo materials are plagued by inherent limitations, prominently featuring suboptimal hydrophobicity and vulnerability to fracture, thereby constraining their broad-scale application. Thus, the paramount concern is to enhance the performance of bamboo materials through modification.
  • 644
  • 16 Nov 2023
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