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Topic Review
Chemical Enzymology of Monoamine Oxidase
Monoamine oxidase (E.C. 1.4.3.4) enzymes MAO A and MAO B are FAD-containing proteins located on the outer face of the mitochondrial inner membrane, retained there by hydrophobic interactions and a transmembrane helix. The redox co-factor (FAD) is covalently attached to a cysteine and buried deep inside the protein behind an aromatic cage that aligns substrates towards the flavin. MAO metabolizes neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin in the nervous system so is a target for drugs to modify amine levels. MAO also metabolizes a wide range of biogenic amines in all tissues. Current accumulated evidence, particularly from theoretical modelling, supports hydride transfer as the chemical mechanism. The long active site cavity accommodates a wide chemical variety of small molecules designed as inhibitors, including coumarins, chromones, triazoles, and more. Inactivators that bind covalently to MAO include hydrazines, cyclopropylamines and propargylamines. This entry is an extract adapted from a review outlining the remaining uncertainties in the understanding of this key drug target.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cobalt Catalysts for CO2 Reduction
Cobalt catalysts are very important due to their extensive applications in many industrial processes, such as Fisher–Tropsh synthesis and CO2 conversion. Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is a promising strategy due to its easy operating system, simple constructions, operational at neutral pH, ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure, and low energy utilization to produce valuable chemicals and fuels such as formic acid, methane, ethanol, and carbon using renewable electricity. Therefore, CO2RR coupling with renewable energy sources can effectively achieve a carbon-neutral energy cycle and hydrocarbon products with high activity, stability, and selectivity.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are promising biodegradable and biocompatible polymers that can be obtained through microbial fermentation of agro-industrial byproducts, e.g., milk and cheese whey by using both microbial consortia and pure bacterial cultures.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Composite Electromagnetic Shielding Applications
With advancements in the automated industry, electromagnetic inferences (EMI) have been increasing over time, causing major distress among the end-users and affecting electronic appliances. The issue is not new and major work has been done, but unfortunately, the issue has not been fully eliminated.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Natural Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Composites
As one of the fastest-growing additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, fused deposition modelling (FDM) shows great potential in printing natural fibre-reinforced composites (NFRC). However, several challenges, such as low mechanical properties and difficulty in printing, need to be overcome. Therefore, the effort to improve the NFRC for use in AM has been accelerating in recent years.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Structure, Spectral Properties and Chemistry of Spiropyrans
Spiropyrans (SP) are a well-studied class of photochromic compounds. These compounds are usually named in conformity with the IUPAC rules for nomenclature of heterocyclic spirocompounds, as derivatives of 1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indoline] or 1′,3′-dihydro-1′,3′,3′-trimethyl-6-nitrospiro[2H-1-benzopyran-2,2′-indole].
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Carbon-Coatings Improve Performance of Li-Ion Battery
The development of lithium-ion batteries largely relies on the cathode and anode materials. In particular, the optimization of cathode materials plays an extremely important role in improving the performance of lithium-ion batteries, such as specific capacity or cycling stability. Carbon coating modifying the surface of cathode materials is regarded as an effective strategy that meets the demand of Lithium-ion battery cathodes.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Fire-Safe Polymer Composites
Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Metal-Organic Frameworks in CO2 Cycloaddition with Epoxides
The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is growing rapidly due to fossil fuel combustion processes, heavy oil, coal, oil shelter, and exhausts from automobiles for energy generation, which lead to depletion of the ozone layer and consequently result in global warming. The realization of a carbon-neutral environment is the main focus of science and academic researchers of today. Several processes were employed to minimize carbon dioxide in the air, some of which include the utilization of non-fossil sources of energy like solar, nuclear, and biomass-based fuels. Consequently, these sources were reported to have a relatively high cost of production and maintenance. The applications of both homogeneous and heterogeneous processes in carbon capture and storage were investigated in recent years and the focus now is on the conversion of CO2 into useful chemicals and compounds. It was established that CO2 can undergo cycloaddition reaction with epoxides under the influence of special catalysts to give cyclic carbonates, which can be used as value-added chemicals at a different level of pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Among the various catalysts studied for this reaction, metal-organic frameworks are now on the frontline as a potential catalyst due to their special features and easy synthesis. Several metal-organic framework (MOF)-based catalysts were studied for their application in transforming CO2 to organic carbonates using epoxides. Here, we report some recent studies of porous MOF materials and an in-depth discussion of two repeatedly used metal-organic frameworks as a catalyst in the conversion of CO2 to organic carbonates
  • 1.1K
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
The efficiency of the generation of Raman spectra by molecules adsorbed on some substrates (or placed at a very close distance to some substrates) may be many orders of magnitude larger than the efficiency of the generation of Raman spectra by molecules that are not adsorbed. This effect is called surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). In the first SERS experiments, nanostructured plasmonic metals have been used as SERS-active materials. Later, other types of SERS-active materials have also been developed.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Feb 2021
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