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Topic Review
Extraction of Anthocyanins by High-Hydrostatic-Pressure and Ultra-High-Pressure-Homogenization
The use of high-pressure technologies is a hot topic in food science because of the potential for a gentle process in which spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms can be eliminated; these technologies also have effects on the extraction, preservation, and modification of some constituents. Anthocyanins can be rapidly extracted from skins using High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and cell fragments using Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH), releasing them and facilitating their diffusion into the liquid quickly. High Hydrostatic Pressure (HHP) and Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization (UHPH) techniques are gentle and protective of sensitive molecules such as phenols, terpenes, and vitamins. Both techniques are non-thermal technologies with mild temperatures and residence times.
  • 302
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Extraction Methods for Anthocyanins
Anthocyanins are considered high added-value compounds due to their sensory qualities, colors, and nutritional properties; they are considered bioactive ingredients. They are found in high concentrations in many by-products across the food industry. At present, expensive raw materials and production technologies make the extraction of natural anthocyanins relatively expensive.
  • 6.6K
  • 18 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Nanotechnology in Chronic Cutaneous Wound Treatment
The healing of chronic wound infections, especially cutaneous wounds, involves a complex cascade of events demanding mutual interaction between immunity and other natural host processes. Wound infections are caused by the consortia of microbial species that keep on proliferating and produce various types of virulence factors that cause the development of chronic infections. The mono- or polymicrobial nature of surface wound infections is best characterized by its ability to form biofilm that renders antimicrobial resistance to commonly administered drugs due to poor biofilm matrix permeability. For the treatment of chronic wounds, extensive research is ongoing to explore a variety of nanoplatforms, including metallic and nonmetallic NPs, nanofibers and self-accumulating nanocarriers. As the use of the magnetic nanoparticle (MNP)-entrenched pre-designed hydrogel sheet (MPS) is found to enhance wound healing, the bio-nanocomposites consisting of bacterial cellulose and magnetic nanoparticles (magnetite) are now successfully used for the healing of chronic wounds. With the objective of precise targeting, some kinds of “intelligent” nanoparticles are constructed to react according to the required environment, which are later incorporated in the dressings, so that the wound can be treated with nano-impregnated dressing material in situ. For the effective healing of skin wounds, high-expressing, transiently modified stem cells, controlled by nano 3D architectures, have been developed to encourage angiogenesis and tissue regeneration. In order to overcome the challenge of time and dose constraints during drug administration, the approach of combinatorial nano therapy is adopted, whereby AI will help to exploit the full potential of nanomedicine to treat chronic wounds.
  • 447
  • 03 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Energy-Saving and Sustainable Building Systems
Generally, energy used in a building can be accrued in various ways and a statistical process can be used for studying the building’s overall performance and minimizing the energy requirement of the building. Different statistical models are used to interpret the real-world data in terms of individual theory to develop energy-efficient buildings. Underfloor air distribution, double-glazed windows, use of highly efficient electric motors and variable speed drives may play a great role in reducing building energy consumption. In the UK, the application of double-glazed windows in commercial buildings can save 39–53% energy. The proper maintenance of a building’s central heating system can save up to 11% energy. The automatic HVAC control system can reduce up to 20% of the building’s total heating load. Proper utilization of a VSD system in motor and building performance optimization by an ANOVA tool also proved instrumental in saving energy.
  • 2.7K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
End Effectors in Agricultural Robotic Harvesting Systems
An end effector is a peripheral device attached to a robot’s wrist, enabling interaction during a task. For harvesting robots, the end effector is considered the contact point between the robot and the product to be harvested. Robotic systems have been designed to cover labor shortage, to increase the speed of harvesting, and to improve the efficiency of harvesting.
  • 752
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ejectors
Ejectors are broadly of two types based on geometric construction, constant area mixing (CAM) and constant pressure mixing (CPM). Eamesproposed a new design with constant rate of momentum change, which has the advantage of both CAM and CPM. Computational and experimental studies show better overall performance of ejectors with increases in critical condensing temperatures and higher entrainment ratios.
  • 3.5K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Efficient Pollination Technology of Crops
Pollination is essential to maintain ecosystem balance and agricultural production. Domesticated bee pollination, which is easy to feed and manage, and mechanized pollination, which is not restricted by the environment, are considered the main technical means to alleviate the “pollinating insect crisis”. The selection of pollination method should be based on the physiological characteristics of crops and the actual environmental conditions of natural pollination. The pollination ability of bees is closely related to the status of the bees. Maintaining the pollination ability of bees in a reasonable range is the goal of bee pollination services. Colony state control technology needs to develop in two directions. First, there is a need to develop colony state monitoring technology based on multi-feature information fusion and to explore the self-regulation mechanisms of the colony in response to various factors. Second, based on these self-regulation mechanisms, there is a need to develop a low-cost and non-invasive bee colony state and pollination capacity estimation model, monitoring technology, and equipment based on single feature information. The goals of mechanized pollination are “efficiency” and “precision”. Mechanized pollination technology needs to be developed in two directions. First, the mechanisms of pollen abscission, transport, and sedimentation in different crops and mechanized pollination conditions should be explored. Second, research and development of efficient and accurate pollination equipment and technology based on the integration of multiple technologies such as pneumatic assistance, auxiliaries, static electricity, target, variables, and navigation, are needed.
  • 479
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Discrete Element Method in Soil–Plant–Machine Interactions
The discrete element method (DEM) is a promising numerical method that can simulate dynamic behaviors of particle systems at micro levels of individual particles and at macro levels of bulk material.
  • 253
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Digital Twins Concept Integration in Livestock Farming
The potential application of the digital twins concept and its principles to all industries, including agriculture, has been the subject of considerable research interest. Since livestock farming is one of the mainstays of the agricultural industry, contributing to food security as well as employment and income generation, digital twins appear to be a promising technology to address issues related to the intensive nature of livestock production systems, which are typically characterized by high levels of input and output.
  • 174
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Development Trends of Improving Sustainability of Agricultural Crops
Given the challenges in reducing greenhouse gases (GHG), one of the sectors that have attracted the most attention in the Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 (SDA-2030) is the agricultural sector. Researchers have used different technologies to achieve crops’ financial and environmental sustainability, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to capture multi-spectral aerial images (MAIs) to assess fields’ plant vigour and detect phytosanitary events early using vegetation indices (VIs). 
  • 393
  • 01 Jul 2022
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