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Topic Review
Applications of Optical Sensors in CMOS
CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor)  technology allows integration with the CMOS readout and control electronics in the same microdevice, featuring high-volume fabrication with high-reproducibility and low-cost. Optical sensors in CMOS are being used extensively in the medical field as a key element in spectroscopy analysis. More specifically, they have been a great advance in the detection of gastrointestinal dysplasia and in the studies of Malaria infection. Furthermore, they have been applied in labs-on-a-chip and, more recently, in organs-on-a-chip devices and X-ray imaging. Optical sensors in CMOS are also promising solutions for other types of applications such as, for example, in photovoltaic (PV) sub-modules to measure the angles of incident light in the PV panels.
  • 81
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Forward Head Posture and Biofeedback
Forward Head Posture (FHP) is when the head leans forward due to factors such as heavy backpacks or poor computer ergonomics. FHP can lead to neck strain and discomfort as well as potential long-term issues such as arthritis. Treatment options include specialized exercises, orthopedic devices, manual therapy, physical exercises, and visual feedback techniques, along with guidance from specialists in physical medicine and rehabilitation. In this study, a visual feedback-based approach was used to address FHP in female students. 
  • 135
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Orbital Angular Momentum Light from Azopolymer Thin Films
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) encoding is a promising technique to boost data transmission capacity in optical communications. Azobenzene films have gained attention as a versatile tool for creating and altering OAM-carrying beams. Unique features of azobenzene films make it possible to control molecular alignment through light-induced isomerization about the azo bond. This feature enables the fabrication of diffractive optical devices such as spiral phase plates and holograms by accurately imprinting a phase profile on the incident light. By forming azobenzene sheets into diffractive optical elements, such as spiral phase plates, one can selectively create OAM-carrying beams. Due to the helical wavefront and phase variation shown by these beams, multiple distinct channels can be encoded within a single optical beam. This can significantly increase the data transmission capacity of optical communication systems with this OAM multiplexing technique. Additionally, holographic optical components made from azobenzene films can be used to build and reconstruct intricate wavefronts. It is possible to create OAM-based holograms by imprinting holographic designs on azobenzene films, which makes it simpler to control and shape optical beams for specific communication requirements. In addition, azobenzene-based materials can then be suitable for integration into optical communication devices because of their reconfigurability, compactness, and infrastructure compatibility, which are the main future perspectives for achieving OAM-based technologies for the next generation, among other factors.
  • 150
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sensor Technologies for Human Motion Monitoring
Apart from the early video-based motion capture, the most widely used sensors for human motion capture include the traditional silicon-based sensors and the emerging flexible sensors. The former includes an accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, inertial sensors, and tilt sensors; the latter involves soft strain and pressure sensors based on textile or polymer materials.
  • 231
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Low-Cost Computer-Vision-Based Embedded Systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are versatile, adapting hardware and software for research. They are vital for remote monitoring, especially in challenging settings such as volcano observation with limited access. In response, economical computer vision systems provide a remedy by processing data, boosting UAV autonomy, and assisting in maneuvering. Through the application of these technologies, researchers can effectively monitor remote areas, thus improving surveillance capabilities. Moreover, flight controllers employ onboard tools to gather data, further enhancing UAV navigation during surveillance tasks. 
  • 156
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Geomatic Sensors for Heritage Documentation
Geomatic technologies have been widely populated for cultural heritage applications, while the scientific field is quite broad: from underwater to close-range to low-altitude and satellite observations. Geomatic sensors have been used in applications such as close-range approaches with red-green-blue (RGB) cameras and Terrestrial Laser Scanners (TLS), as well as underwater studies. Low-altitude sensors on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have also been widely used with RGB and multispectral cameras, as well as lidar and thermal sensors.
  • 181
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Light Detection and Ranging Data Testing Methods
Reports suggest that while both the LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) and RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) systems detected the pedestrian about six seconds before the registered impact, a misclassification of the pedestrian as an “unknown object” led to the unfortunate crash. LiDAR presents the least technological development when it comes to the identification of anomalous data. While per-point detection is a well-explored field of anomaly detection, object-level and pattern-based approaches remain few and far between.
  • 150
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Detection of Anomalies Using Acoustic Emission When Welding
Welding inspection is a critical process that can be severely time-consuming, resulting in productivity delays, especially when destructive or invasive processes are required. With non-destructive approaches, the actual service part can be inspected in both a speedy and non-invasive manner. A multi-spectral approach is used to give more confidence and information related to the anomaly of interest. This system is very portable and essentially could be used in most joining setup situations.
  • 136
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Conceptualization and Implementation of Proposed On-Water Rowing System
In competitive rowing, the finish time of a typical 2000 m race is governed by many factors during the course. These influencing factors are broadly known as rowing kinetics. They refer to biomechanical parameters concerned with the movement of the athlete’s body and the reaction of the boat equipment (oars, seat) to such input. The rapid advancements in multi-sensor technologies and data processing techniques opened widely the road for the development of specialized monitoring systems to fulfill the requirements for numerous applications.
  • 192
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Silicon-Based Optical Phased Array Lidar
Silicon-based Lidar is an ideal way to reduce the volume of the Lidar and realize monolithic integration. It removes the moving parts in the conventional device and realizes solid-state beam steering. The advantages of low cost, small size, and high beam steering speed have attracted the attention of many researchers. 
  • 687
  • 07 Jul 2023
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