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Topic Review
Roles of Interferons in Human Endometrial Function
Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent inflammatory disease that develops in reproductive-aged women who experience pelvic pain and infertility. Even though endometriosis is not a new disease, its molecular etiology has not been clearly elucidated. Defects in the immune system might be one of the factors that promote endometriosis progression. For example, elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines are associated with endometriosis. Interferon is one of the cytokines that is elevated in endometriotic tissues compared with normal endometrium. 
  • 603
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Spermatogenesis and Male Fertility
Spermatogenesis is an extremely complex developmental process and involves the orderly differentiation of multiple types of spermatogenic cells, including mitotically proliferating spermatogonial cells, meiotically dividing spermatocytes, and spermatids that eventually mature into spermatozoa.
  • 597
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Placental Dysfunction in Assisted Reproductive Pregnancies
Obstetric and newborn outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancies are associated with significative prevalence of maternal and neonatal adverse health conditions, such as cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. These data are interpreted as anomalies in placentation involving a dysregulation of several molecular factors and pathways. It is not clear which extent of the observed placental alterations are the result of ART and which originate from infertility itself. These two aspects probably act synergically for the final obstetric risk. Data show that mechanisms of inappropriate trophoblast invasion and consequent altered vascular remodeling sustain several clinical conditions, leading to obstetric and perinatal risks often found in ART pregnancies, such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction and placenta previa or accreta. 
  • 520
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Early Fetal Growth Restriction
Early fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a complex and multifactorial disorder affecting fetal development. Most cases are related to uteroplacental dysfunction, while non-placental etiologies include chromosomal/genetic anomalies, congenital infections and inborn errors of metabolism.
  • 517
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Stem Cells and the Endometrium
Adult stem cells (ASCs) were long suspected to exist in the endometrium. Indeed, several types of endometrial ASCs were identified in rodents and humans through diverse isolation and characterization techniques. Putative stromal and epithelial stem cell niches were identified in murine models using label-retention techniques. In humans, functional methods (clonogenicity, long-term culture, and multi-lineage differentiation assays) and stem cell markers (CD146, SUSD2/W5C5, LGR5, NTPDase2, SSEA-1, or N-cadherin) facilitated the identification of three main types of endogenous endometrial ASCs: stromal, epithelial progenitor, and endothelial stem cells. Further, exogenous populations of stem cells derived from bone marrow may act as key effectors of the endometrial ASC niche.
  • 500
  • 29 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Melatonin in Embryogenesis
Embryogenesis is a complex multi-stage process regulated by various signaling molecules including pineal and extrapineal melatonin (MT). Extrapineal MT is found in the placenta and ovaries, where it carries out local hormonal regulation. MT is necessary for normal development of oocytes, fertilization and subsequent development of human, animal and avian embryos.
  • 498
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Medically Assisted Reproduction
Since the birth of Louise Joy Brown, the first baby conceived via in vitro fertilization, more than 9 million children have been born worldwide using assisted reproductive technologies (ART). In vivo fertilization takes place in the maternal oviduct, where the unique physiological conditions guarantee the healthy development of the embryo. During early embryogenesis, a major wave of epigenetic reprogramming takes place that is crucial for the correct development of the embryo.
  • 497
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Gene Therapy for Malignant and Benign Gynaecological Disorders
Gene therapy aims to introduce or modify genetic material into target cells, thus altering their function, usually by either restoring a lost function or initiating a new one. Although it was initially employed for the treatment of inherited genetic diseases, gene therapy was soon identified as an effective approach for the treatment of both gynaecological malignancies such as ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancer and certain benign gynaecological abnormalities, such as leiomyomas, endometriosis, placental, and embryo implantation disorders.  There are two main strategies for specific and efficient gene delivery to cancer and non-cancer cells, and these involve either viral or non-viral systems.
  • 494
  • 22 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Primordial Germ Cells
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are precursor cells of sperm and eggs. The fate decisions of chicken PGCs in terms of their development, integrity, and sex determination have unique features, thereby providing insights into evolutionary developmental biology.
  • 475
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Contemporary Use of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) has been used for severe male factor infertility and non-male factors, such as unexplained infertility or advanced maternal age, without robust scientific evidence. However, applying ICSI blindly is not free of potential detrimental consequences since novel studies report possible health consequences to offspring. DNA methylation and epigenetic alterations in sperm cells of infertile men might help explain some of the adverse effects reported in ICSI studies on reproductive health in future generations. 
  • 472
  • 17 May 2022
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