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Topic Review
Phytochrome-Interacting Proteins
Phytochromes are photoreceptors of plants, fungi, slime molds bacteria and heterokonts. These biliproteins sense red and far-red light and undergo light-induced changes between the two spectral forms, Pr and Pfr. Photoconversion triggered by light induces conformational changes in the bilin chromophore around the ring C-D-connecting methine bridge and is followed by conformational changes in the protein. For plant phytochromes, multiple phytochrome interacting proteins that mediate signal transduction, nuclear translocation or protein degradation have been identified. Few interacting proteins are known as bacterial or fungal phytochromes.
  • 245
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine
Developing a safe and effective vaccine against the hepatitis C virus (HCV) remains a top priority for global health. Despite recent advances in antiviral therapies, the high cost and limited accessibility of these treatments impede their widespread application, particularly in resource-limited settings. Therefore, the development of the HCV vaccine remains a necessity.
  • 225
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Bacterial Opportunistic Infections via the Dietary Route
Different bacterial groups present in food or drinking water, other than the major pathogens which are objects of specific surveillance and control measures according to food legislation norms, may behave as opportunistic pathogens in people with underlying conditions or predisposing factors. These belong to bacterial genera or species that cause mild or no illness in immunocompetent persons but can cause life-threatening infections in vulnerable subjects. As an example, lactobacilli, which are essential for food fermentation and probiotics with in vivo proven beneficial effects, were the cause of bacteremia, endocarditis, and other localized infections most often in immunocompromised, diabetic persons, or patients with a history of predisposing events such as medical interventions, diseases, or oral infections and dental procedures. The bacterial groups involved in opportunistic infections, the illnesses caused and sources of infection are described below.
  • 227
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lysosomal Storage Disorders Linked to Impaired Autophagy
Lysosomes are the main organelles responsible for the degradation of macromolecules in eukaryotic cells. Beyond their fundamental role in degradation, lysosomes are involved in different physiological processes such as autophagy, nutrient sensing, and intracellular signaling. In some circumstances, lysosomal abnormalities underlie several human pathologies with different etiologies known as Lysosomal Storage Disorders (LSDs). These disorders can result from deficiencies in primary lysosomal enzymes, dysfunction of lysosomal enzyme activators, alterations in modifiers that impact lysosomal function, or changes in membrane-associated proteins, among other factors. 
  • 195
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Cyanobacteria and Microalgae-Based Biostimulants
Significant progress has been achieved in the use of biostimulants in sustainable agricultural practices. These new products can improve plant growth, nutrient uptake, crop yield and quality, stress adaptation and soil fertility, while reducing agriculture’s environmental footprint. Although it is an emerging market, the biostimulant sector is very promising, hence the increasing attention of the scientific community and agro-industry stakeholders in finding new sources of plant biostimulants. Pro- and eucaryotic microalgae have gained prominence and can be exploited as biostimulants due to their ability to produce high-value-added metabolites. Several works revealed the potential of microalgae- and cyanobacteria-based biostimulants (MCBs) as plant growth promoters and stress alleviators, as well as encouraging results pointing out that their use can address current and future agricultural challenges.
  • 164
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Caenorhabditis elegans Models Established for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal motor neuron disease characterised by the selective and gradual loss of motor neurons in the spinal, bulbar and cortical regions. C. elegans has established itself as a favoured model organism in the field of neurodegenerative disease research. Through analysis of gene mutations pertinent to these disease, it provides a unique opportunity to identify pathogenic molecular pathways and explore promising therapeutic options. 
  • 243
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Quetiapine-Related Deaths
Quetiapine is a second-generation antipsychotic drug available for two and half decades. Due to increased misuse, prescription outside the approved indications, and availability on the black market, it is being encountered in medicolegal autopsies more frequently. For instance, it has been linked to increased mortality rates, most likely due to its adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. 
  • 163
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
B Cells and B-Cell Receptor Signaling
B-cell receptor (BCR) is a B cell hallmark surface complex regulating multiple cellular processes in normal as well as malignant B cells. Igα (CD79a)/Igβ (CD79b) are essential components of BCR that are indispensable for its functionality, signal initiation, and signal transduction. CD79a/CD79b-mediated BCR signaling is required for the survival of normal as well as malignant B cells via a wide signaling network. Studies identified the great complexity of this signaling network and revealed the emerging role of CD79a/CD79b in signal integration.
  • 212
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Na+ Uptake and Accumulation under Salt Stress
High concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−), calcium (Ca2+), and sulphate (SO42−) are frequently found in saline soils. Crop plants cannot successfully develop and produce because salt stress impairs the uptake of Ca2+, potassium (K+), and water into plant cells. Different intracellular and extracellular ionic concentrations change with salinity, including those of Ca2+, K+, and protons. These cations serve as stress signaling molecules in addition to being essential for ionic homeostasis and nutrition. Maintaining an appropriate K+:Na+ ratio is one crucial plant mechanism for salt tolerance, which is a complicated trait. 
  • 187
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Role of Neutrophils in Immune-Related Diseases
Neutrophils are the most abundant of the circulating immune cells and are the first to be recruited to sites of inflammation. Neutrophils are a heterogeneous group of immune cells from which are derived extracellular traps (NETs), reactive oxygen species, cytokines, chemokines, immunomodulatory factors, and alarmins that regulate the recruitment and phenotypes of neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells. In addition, cytokine-stimulated neutrophils can express class II major histocompatibility complex and the internal machinery necessary for successful antigen presentation to memory CD4+ T cells. This may be relevant in the context of vaccine memory. Neutrophils thus emerge as orchestrators of immune responses that play a key role in determining the outcome of infections, vaccine efficacy, and chronic diseases like autoimmunity and cancer.
  • 165
  • 09 Jan 2024
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