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Topic Review
Genomic Composition of Bovine Leukemia Virus
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the causative agent of enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. EBL is often overlooked in daily breeding processes due to the absence of obvious clinical symptoms.
  • 105
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Regulation of Angiogenesis by Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer
Non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, have been identified as crucial regulators of various biological processes through epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, and post-transcriptional regulation. Growing evidence suggests that dysregulation and activation of non-coding RNAs are closely associated with tumor angiogenesis, a process essential for tumor growth and metastasis and a major contributor to cancer-related mortality. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying tumor angiogenesis is of utmost importance. Numerous studies have documented the involvement of different types of non-coding RNAs in the regulation of angiogenesis. 
  • 195
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ionic Selenium and Nanoselenium in Plant Metabolism
Selenium (Se) is an essential element in mammals; however, there is frequently an insufficient intake due to several factors. Different techniques have been used to deal with this problem, such as plant biofortification with Se in its ionic forms and at the nanoscale. Additionally, despite the fact that Se is not considered an essential element in plants, it has been shown to stimulate (through still unknown mechanisms) plant metabolism, causing an increase in the synthesis of molecules with reducing power, including enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase as well as non-enzymatic antioxidants such as phenolic compounds, glucosinolates, vitamins and chlorophylls.
  • 133
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Novel Therapeutic Agents for Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from insulin resistance, inadequate insulin secretion, or excessive glucagon secretion. DM is a non-infectious disease caused by the disruption of carbohydrate metabolism, which culminates in persistent hyperglycemia.
  • 177
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
CD44 Intracellular Domain
CD44 serves as a cell surface receptor for various extracellular matrix molecules, mainly hyaluronan, and messenger molecules, such as growth factors, and has important functions in normal and disease states, the predominant one being cancer. CD44 coordinates both structural and signaling events through its highly conserved intracellular domain. Although short and devoid of any enzymatic activity, the CD44 intracellular domain possesses structural motifs that promote the interactions with cytoplasmic effectors involved in important cellular pathways, including cell trafficking, transcription, and metabolism, which regulate cellular functions like growth, survival, differentiation, stemness, and therapeutic resistance.
  • 229
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
HIV Lifecycle
The theory of immune regulation involves a homeostatic balance between T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-helper 2 (Th2) responses. The Th1 and Th2 theories were introduced in 1986 as a result of studies in mice, whereby T-helper cell subsets were found to direct different immune response pathways. Subsequently, this hypothesis was extended to human immunity, with Th1 cells mediating cellular immunity to fight intracellular pathogens, while Th2 cells mediated humoral immunity to fight extracellular pathogens. Several disease conditions were later found to tilt the balance between Th1 and Th2 immune response pathways, including HIV infection, but the exact mechanism for the shift from Th1 to Th2 cells was poorly understood. 
  • 140
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Precision Beekeeping Systems
Precision beekeeping (PB) systems have promising strength points and represent great opportunities for the development of beekeeping; however, they have some weaknesses, represented especially by the high purchasing costs and the low preparedness of the addressed operators, and imply some possible threats for beekeeping in terms of unrealistic perception of the apiary status if they applied to some hives only and a possible adverse impact on the honeybees’ colony itself.
  • 227
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Versatile Attributes of MGMT
O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT or AGT) is a DNA repair protein with the capability to remove alkyl groups from O6-AlkylG adducts. Moreover, MGMT plays a crucial role in repairing DNA damage induced by methylating agents like temozolomide and chloroethylating agents such as carmustine, and thereby contributes to chemotherapeutic resistance when these agents are used. 
  • 134
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immunosenescence and Cytomegalovirus
Aging induces numerous physiological alterations, with immunosenescence emerging as a pivotal factor. This phenomenon has attracted both researchers and clinicians, prompting profound questions about its implications for health and disease. Among the contributing factors, one intriguing actor in this complex interplay is human cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the herpesvirus family. Latent CMV infection exerts a profound influence on the aging immune system, potentially contributing to age-related diseases.
  • 160
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Role of the Complement System in HUS
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is an acute disease and the most common cause of childhood acute renal failure. HUS is characterized by a triad of symptoms: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. In most of the cases, HUS occurs as a result of infection caused by Shiga toxin-producing microbes: hemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1. They account for up to 90% of all cases of HUS. The remaining 10% of cases grouped under the general term atypical HUS represent a heterogeneous group of diseases with similar clinical signs. Emerging evidence suggests that in addition to E. coli and S. dysenteriae type 1, a variety of bacterial and viral infections can cause the development of HUS. In particular, infectious diseases act as the main cause of aHUS recurrence. The pathogenesis of most cases of atypical HUS is based on congenital or acquired defects of complement system. 
  • 143
  • 22 Jan 2024
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