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Topic Review
Antioxidant Compounds in Gluten-Free Bread’s Technological Quality
The crucial trigger for the purchase and consumption of many food products as well as gluten-free bread (GFB) relies on an appealing visual impression. Considering technological quality attributes such as pale crust and crumb color, reduced volume, undeveloped crumb structure, and crumbly texture, it is evident that GFB lags compared to wheat counterparts as a consequence of the used ingredients. Alongside the enhanced nutritional profile, plant-based antioxidants’ inclusion in GFB induces changes in the appearance, color, texture, aroma, and taste of such GFB products, which can negatively affect consumer acceptability. Hence, it is essential to determine the maximal tolerable addition values of plant-based antioxidants depending on their origin. Commonly assessed indicators of antioxidant compound-enriched GFB’s technological quality are crust and crumb color, volume and specific volume, crust and crumb texture parameters, primarily hardness, and, to a smaller extent, bake loss, crumb structure, and water activity, as minutely discussed in the following sections. Additionally, changes in the crust and crumb color and hardness were monitored during storage (up to 3 or 7 days).
  • 175
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Shoot Apical Meristem
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) gives rise to the aerial structure of plants by producing lateral organs and other meristems. The SAM is responsible for plant developmental patterns, thus determining plant morphology and, consequently, many agronomic traits such as the number and size of fruits and flowers and kernel yield.
  • 215
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
General Overview of Klebsiella pneumonia
The opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) can colonize mucosal surfaces and spread from mucosae to other tissues, causing fatal infections. Medical equipment and the healthcare setting can become colonized by Klebsiella species, which are widely distributed in nature and can be found in water, soil, and animals. Moreover, a substantial number of community-acquired illnesses are also caused by this organism worldwide. These infections are characterized by a high rate of morbidity and mortality as well as the capacity to spread metastatically. Hypervirulent Klebsiella strains are thought to be connected to these infections. Four components are critical to this bacterium’s pathogenicity—the capsule, lipopolysaccharide, fimbriae, and siderophores. 
  • 188
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Circulating miRNAs and Preeclampsia
miRNAs are single-stranded non-coding RNAs, 20–24 nt long, which control mRNA expression. Changes in miRNA expression can induce a variation in the relative mRNA level and influence cellular homeostasis, and the strong presence of miRNAs in all body fluids has made them useful biomarkers of several diseases. Preeclampsia is a multifactorial disease, but the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. The functions of trophoblasts, including differentiation, proliferation, migration, invasion and apoptosis, are essential for a successful pregnancy.
  • 132
  • 01 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Metabolic Therapeutic Approaches in Cancer and Type-2 Diabetes
Dysregulated metabolic dynamics are evident in both cancer and diabetes, with metabolic alterations representing a facet of the myriad changes observed in these conditions. The Warburg phenomenon, characterized by the prevalence of aerobic glycolysis over minimal to no oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), emerges as the predominant metabolic phenotype in cancer. Conversely, type 2 diabetes (T2D), the prevailing metabolic paradigm has traditionally been perceived in terms of discrete irregularities rather than a shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis. Throughout T2D pathogenesis, OXPHOS remains consistently heightened due to chronic hyperglycemia or hyperinsulinemia. In advanced insulin resistance and T2D, the metabolic landscape becomes more complex, featuring differential tissue-specific alterations that affect OXPHOS. Recent findings suggest that addressing the metabolic imbalance in both cancer and diabetes could offer an effective treatment strategy. Numerous pharmaceutical and nutritional modalities exhibiting therapeutic effects in both conditions ultimately modulate the OXPHOS-glycolysis axis. Noteworthy nutritional adjuncts, such as alpha-lipoic acid, flavonoids, and glutamine, demonstrate the ability to reprogram metabolism, exerting anti-tumor and anti-diabetic effects. Similarly, pharmacological agents like metformin exhibit therapeutic efficacy in both T2D and cancer.
  • 206
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Crop Response to Soil Salinity Stress
Soil salinity is a serious problem facing many countries globally, especially those with semi-arid and arid climates. Soil salinity can have negative influences on soil microbial activity as well as many chemical and physical soil processes, all of which are crucial for soil health, fertility, and productivity. Soil salinity can negatively affect physiological, biochemical, and genetic attributes of cultivated plants as well. Plants have a wide variety of responses to salinity stress and are classified as sensitive (e.g., carrot and strawberry), moderately sensitive (grapevine), moderately tolerant (wheat) and tolerant (barley and date palm) to soil salinity depending on the salt content required to cause crop production problems.
  • 172
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review Video
Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater
At a great many locations worldwide, the safety of drinking water is endangered by pollution with arsenic. Arsenic toxicity is a matter of both systems chemistry and systems biology: it is determined by complex and intertwined networks of chemical reactions in the inanimate environment, in microbes in that environment, and in the human body.
  • 275
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Roles of MicroRNAs in Asthma
Asthma is one of the most common chronic non-communicable diseases worldwide, characterized by variable airflow limitation secondary to airway narrowing, airway wall thickening, and increased mucus resulting from chronic inflammation and airway remodeling. Current epidemiological studies reported that hypovitaminosis D is frequent in patients with asthma and is associated with worsening the disease and that supplementation with vitamin D3 improves asthma symptoms. However, despite several advances in the field, the molecular mechanisms of asthma have yet to be comprehensively understood. MicroRNAs play an important role in controlling several biological processes and their deregulation is implicated in diverse diseases, including asthma.
  • 233
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Agroecological Nutrient Management Strategy
Rice self-sufficiency is central to Indonesia’s agricultural development, but the country is increasingly challenged by population growth, climate change, and arable land scarcity. Agroecological nutrient management offers solutions though optimized fertilization, enhanced organic matter and biofertilizer utilizations, and improved farming systems and water management.
  • 369
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Roles of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in Liver Disease
Liver disease-related mortality is a major cause of death worldwide. Hepatic innate and adaptive immune cells play diverse roles in liver homeostasis and disease. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells. MDSCs can be broadly divided into monocytic MDSCs and polymorphonuclear or granulocytic MDSCs, and they functionally interact with both liver parenchymal and nonparenchymal cells, such as hepatocytes and regulatory T cells, to impact liver disease progression. The infiltration and activation of MDSCs in liver disease can be regulated by inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, tumor-associated fibroblasts, epigenetic regulation factors, and gut microbiota during liver injury and cancer.
  • 185
  • 31 Jan 2024
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