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Topic Review
Reciprocal Effects of Metal Mixtures on Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton are a key part of marine and freshwater ecosystems as primary producers of the food web. They are exceptional in their role in heavy metals bioremediation. Algae and cyanobacteria when exposed to metals in mixture, show altered responses as compared to the single metal exposure. Algal parameters such as growth, chlorophyll content, photosynthesis, metal uptake and metabolism, or lipid profile are commonly determined to find out the level of stress in algal cells resulting from heavy metals. Phytoplankton have several pathways of metal entry, detoxification and tolerance. It is essential to estimate reciprocal toxicity of metals as in real-time, metals are released in the environment in bulk (reciprocal effects). Phytoplankton can be a powerful tool in such risk assessments. 
  • 149
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Incidence of Otolaryngological Manifestations in Individuals with ASD
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments with social interaction as well as restricted and stereotyped behaviors. Other hallmarks of ASD include a delay in speech and language development, delay in developmental milestones, and eye contact avoidance.
  • 177
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Wound Repair of the Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is frequently subjected to damage, either through physical or chemical means. The swift restoration of the cell membrane’s integrity is crucial to prevent the leakage of intracellular materials and the uncontrolled influx of extracellular ions. Consequently, wound repair plays a vital role in cell survival, akin to the importance of DNA repair.
  • 102
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Application of Microbial Cell Factories
Microbial cell factories are becoming a fundamental technology for pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries to satisfy the welfare of an increasing global population and socio-economic development. Microorganisms are used for the production of various products, including carboxylic acids, amino acids, vitamins, enzymes, plant natural products, carotenoids, biogas, and other biofuels. About 52% of FDA-approved chemical entities were naturally derived products during the period of 1981–2006. The production of varied value-added macromolecules and metabolites was witnessed in the last decade by microbial cell factories (MCFs), with titers changing from μg/L to mg/L. Moreover, the introduction of metabolic engineering approaches improved the rate, titer, and yield of industrially vital compounds by manipulating the host metabolism, physiology, stress response, carbon–energy balance, and the annihilation of an undesirable ATP sink. Due to MCFs, the industrial biotechnology sector is increasing expeditiously, and numerous biocommodities are also in production. 
  • 158
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
HIV Vaccine Development Based on Tat
Vaccination is undoubtedly the most cost-effective intervention to curb the HIV pandemic, both in the preventative and therapeutic setting. Based on the epidemiological evidence and experimental data indicating a protective role for anti-Tat immunity, in particular of anti-Tat Abs, the development of vaccines based on Tat was undertaken.
  • 93
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Viper Venom Phospholipase A2
Viper venom phospholipase A2 enzymes (vvPLA2s) and phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins are two of the principal toxins in viper venom that are responsible for the severe myotoxic and neurotoxic effects caused by snakebite envenoming, among other pathologies. 
  • 160
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Non-Candida Yeasts and Dimorphic Fungi in Cetaceans
This encyclopedia entry addresses the overlooked presence of non-Candida yeasts in cetaceans, key to marine ecosystems yet threatened by human activity, climate change, and pollution. Highlighting the importance of cetaceans as indicators of ocean and human health, it examines the distribution, pathogenicity, and ecological impact of specific yeast species, including Cryptococcus spp. and Paracoccidioides spp. The entry explores the balance between yeast commensalism and pathogenicity, influenced by environmental stressors like pollution and climate alterations, and its effects on marine host health and ecosystem dynamics. The unique physiological and ecological aspects of cetaceans are considered, with a focus on potential effects on their behavior, reproduction, and survival. The entry identifies key research gaps and advocates for advanced molecular studies on the cetacean mycobiome, emphasizing the need for a One Health approach. It underscores the urgency of further research into non-Candida yeasts in cetaceans for marine conservation and public health.
  • 117
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Interrelation between Prostate Cancer, Androgen Receptor, and Cholesterol
Antineoplastic therapies for prostate cancer (PCa) have traditionally centered around the androgen receptor (AR) pathway, which has demonstrated a significant role in oncogenesis. Cholesterol is one of the lipids that has great relevance due to its role in the structure of the cell membrane as well as in signaling pathways linked to the AR pathway, not only due to its precursor role in the generation of androgens, which are the main AR ligands used as a target for therapies.
  • 148
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Early Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Parkinson’s Disease (PD) represent two among the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. A common hallmark of these pathologies is the misfolding and consequent aggregation of amyloid proteins into soluble oligomers and insoluble β-sheet-rich fibrils, which ultimately lead to neurotoxicity and cell death. After a hundred years of research on the subject, this is the only reliable histopathological feature in our hands. Since AD and PD are diagnosed only once neuronal death and the first symptoms have appeared, the early detection of these diseases is currently impossible. Several reasons could be associated with the lack of effective therapeutic treatments. One of the most important factors is the lack of selective probes capable of detecting, as early as possible, the most toxic amyloid species involved in the onset of these pathologies. In this regard, chemical probes able to detect and distinguish among different amyloid aggregates are urgently needed. 
  • 137
  • 22 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Niemann–Pick Disease
Niemann–Pick Disease (NPD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease belonging to lysosomal storage disorders. Three types of NPD have been described: NPD type A, B, and C. NPD type A and B are caused by mutations in the gene SMPD1 coding for sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, with a consequent lack of acid sphingomyelinase activity. These diseases have been thus classified as acid sphingomyelinase deficiencies (ASMDs). NPD type C is a neurologic disorder due to mutations in the genes NPC1 or NPC2, causing a defect of cholesterol trafficking and esterification. Although all three types of NPD can manifest with pulmonary involvement, lung disease occurs more frequently in NPD type B, typically with interstitial lung disease, recurrent pulmonary infections, and respiratory failure.
  • 405
  • 22 Feb 2024
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