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Topic Review
Human IGF2 Gene
Regulation of the human IGF2 gene displays multiple layers of control, which secures a genetically and epigenetically predetermined gene expression pattern throughout embryonal growth and postnatal life. These predominantly nuclear regulatory mechanisms converge on the function of the IGF2-H19 gene cluster on Chromosome 11 and ultimately affect IGF2 gene expression. Deregulation of such control checkpoints leads to the enhancement of IGF2 gene transcription and/or transcript stabilization, ultimately leading to IGF-II peptide overproduction. This type of anomaly is responsible for the effects observed in terms of both abnormal fetal growth and increased cell proliferation, typically observed in pediatric overgrowth syndromes and cancer.
  • 589
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Early Cell Signaling in Developing Lung Edema
The lung promptly responds to edemagenic conditions through functional adaptations that contrast the increase in microvascular filtration. In hypoxia, thinning of endothelial cells, a decrease in caveolae and AQP-1, and an increase in lipid rafts are observed. The interpretation of this response is that it favors oxygen diffusion and hinders trans-cellular water fluxes. In hydraulic edema, which generates greater capillary water leakages, an increase in cell volume and opposite changes in membrane rafts were observed; further, the remarkable increase in caveolae suggests a potential abluminal–luminal vesicular-dependent fluid reabsorption.
  • 325
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection for Avian Genome Editing
Poultry are one of the most valuable resources for human society. They are also recognized as a powerful experimental animal for basic research on embryogenesis. Demands for the supply of low-allergen eggs and bioreactors have increased with the development of programmable genome editing technology. The CRISPR/Cas9 system has recently been used to produce transgenic animals and various animals in the agricultural industry and has also been successfully adopted for the modification of chicken and quail genomes.
  • 451
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Phytochemicals as a Source of Antimicrobial Compounds
Many microorganisms develop resistance to drugs through different mechanisms, and this process is called antimicrobial resistance. It is highly essential to discover new antimicrobials to kill pathogenic microbes that have developed antimicrobial resistance. Natural sources, including plants, have been serving as a great source of medicinally important compounds for the past several decades.
  • 370
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Solar Salterns and Pollution
Solar salterns and salt marshes are unique ecosystems with special physicochemical features and characteristic biota. There are very few studies focused on the impacts of pollution on these economic and ecological systems. Unfortunately, diversified pollution (metals, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, etc.) has been detected in these complex ecosystems. These hypersaline environments are under increasing threat due to anthropogenic pressures.
  • 356
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Crossiella in Caves
The genus Crossiella contains two species, C. equi, causing nocardioform placentitis in horses, and C. cryophila, an environmental bacterium.
  • 678
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Acinar-to-Ductal Metaplasia and Transcription Factors Involved
Pancreatic acinar-to-ductal metaplasia (ADM) is a cellular process in which the differentiated pancreatic acinar cells transform into duct-like cells. This process can occur as a result of cellular injury or inflammation in the pancreas. While ADM is a reversible process allowing pancreatic acinar regeneration, persistent inflammation or injury can lead to the development of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), which is a common precancerous lesion that precedes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).
  • 548
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Th1 Polarization Induced by Dendritic-Cell-Priming Adjuvant in Vaccination
Virus-derived nucleic acids are potential immune-enhancers and particularly good candidates as adjuvants in vaccines in mouse models. The most important nucleic-acid-sensing process involves the dendritic cell (DC) Toll-like receptor (TLR), which participates in the pattern recognition of foreign DNA/RNA structures. Human CD141+ DCs preferentially express TLR3 in endosomes and recognize double-stranded RNA. Antigen cross-presentation occurs preferentially in this subset of DCs (cDCs) via the TLR3–TICAM-1–IRF3 axis. Another subset, plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), specifically expresses TLR7/9 in endosomes.
  • 366
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cytokine Production in Human Pathology
Cytokines can perform a dual role, being growth promotors or inhibitors and having pro- and anti-inflammatory properties. The complex interactions between cytokines, vascular cells and immune cells are responsible for dramatic conditions and lead to the concept of cytokine storm observed during sepsis, multi-organ failure and in some cases of COVID-19 infection. Cytokines such as interferon and hematopoietic growth factor have been used as therapy. Alternatively, the inhibition of cytokine functions has been largely developed using anti-interleukin or anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of sepsis or chronic inflammation.
  • 412
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Medical Applications of Phages
Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses with a size of 20 to 200 nm that infect bacteria with very high specificity. Due to their bactericidal activity and their inability to infect eukaryotic cells, phages could be used in the fight against infectious diseases. 
  • 275
  • 19 Jun 2023
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