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Topic Review
Whole Genome Amplification and the appropriate DNA polymerases
In the same way that specialized DNA polymerases (DNAPs) replicate cellular and viral genomes, only a handful of dedicated proteins from various natural origins as well as engineered versions are appropriate for competent exponential amplification of whole genomes and metagenomes (WGA). Different applications have led to the development of diverse protocols, based on various DNAPs. Isothermal whole genomes and metagenomes (WGA) is currently widely used due to the high performance of Φ29 DNA polymerase, but polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods are also available and can provide competent amplification of certain samples. Replication fidelity and processivity must be considered when selecting a suitable enzyme for WGA. However, other properties, such as thermostability, capacity to couple replication, and double helix unwinding, or the ability to maintain DNA replication opposite to damaged bases, are also very relevant for some applications.
  • 351
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Application of Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration
Hydrogels are versatile biomaterials characterized by three-dimensional, cross-linked, highly hydrated polymeric networks. These polymers exhibit a great variety of biochemical and biophysical properties, which allow for the diffusion of diverse molecules, such as drugs, active ingredients, growth factors, and nanoparticles. Meanwhile, these polymers can control chemical and molecular interactions at the cellular level. The polymeric network can be molded into different structures, imitating the structural characteristics of surrounding tissues and bone defects. Interestingly, the application of hydrogels in bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been gathering significant attention due to the beneficial bone improvement results that have been achieved.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
The Neonatal Immune System
The immune system is a complex network of cells and signals which regulate the host’s response to self and foreign antigens. This delicate system requires substantial regulation to prevent severe damage to the host but is also balanced against the potential damage that could be inflicted if a response is not generated. Thus, responses are primarily dependent on the needs of the hosts and the nature of the signal. In the case of immune stimulation by pathogens, the primary goal of the immune system is to mediate clearance of the pathogen while minimizing damage inflicted to the host by the immune response itself. The adult immune system, which is better studied and understood than is the neonatal one, efficiently generates pro-inflammatory responses which mediate the efficient control of most pathogens. The neonatal immune system, however, is evolved to respond to the unique challenges of the rapid transition from the near-sterile womb to the microbe-rich world beyond. This suddenly introduces millions of new antigens for potential immune recognition and response, a seemingly impossible feat. Therefore, during this transition from near-sterile-fetal to microbe-rich neonatal environment, the immune system is evolved to respond to novel antigens primarily with anti-inflammatory TH2 responses to prevent unnecessary inflammation which can severely harm the infant.
  • 319
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
OMICS in Food-Related Fungi and the Food Industry
Fungi comprise diverse taxa that are abundant in various environments. They have crucial ecological roles as decomposers, mutualists, and disease-causing agents. The use of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and metagenomics in analyzing DNA from environmental samples has become crucial in the identification of new fungal lineages. In addition, the development of other omics technologies interrogating different cellular components and the use of these technologies in various polyphasic methods have significantly advanced research in areas such as biodiversity, physiological ecology, environmental sciences, and natural product biosynthesis. Among these omics approaches, proteomics, transcriptomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics have revolutionized the current understanding of the biological processes of fungi. In addition, more specialized omics methods such as ionomics, glycomics, glycoproteomics, glycogenomics, lipidomics, and interactomics coupled with bioinformatics can contribute to a greater understanding of fungal metabolism. The combination of omics approaches (multiomics) can be used to characterize fungal genomes and their metabolites, making multiomics approaches essential for detecting and characterizing novel metabolites with important biological properties, such as anticancer, antimicrobial, and antidiabetic for human health applications.
  • 507
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immune Stimulation Mechanism of Aluminum Phosphate
Aluminum phosphate is a compound of hydroxy-aluminum phosphate, similar to aluminum hydroxide, and the hydroxyl group on its surface can also lose or gain protons under different pH conditions, thus changing the surface charge. Aluminum phosphate can reduce the effective dose for inducing protective immune response against Lactobacillus mexicana of plasmid DNA.
  • 255
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Reduction of Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Lactobacilli
Hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) are phenolic compounds produced by the secondary metabolism of edible plants and are the most abundant phenolic acids in our diet. The antimicrobial capacity of HCAs is an important function attributed to these phenolic acids in the defense of plants against microbiological threats, and bacteria have developed diverse mechanisms to counter the antimicrobial stress imposed by these compounds, including their metabolism into different microbial derivatives. The metabolism of HCAs has been intensively studied in Lactobacillus spp., as the metabolic transformation of HCAs by these bacteria contributes to the biological activity of these acids in plant and human habitats or to improve the nutritional quality of fermented foods. 
  • 367
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Underpin Sarcopenia, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases
Worldwide, the main reason for all-cause mortality is attributed to non-communicable diseases, namely, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic diseases (MDs). CVD refers to conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure and hypertension. MDs refer to disorders of processing nutrients and the use of energy. These conditions can include diabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome, among others. Both CVD and MDs can have serious consequences, including heart attacks, stroke and organ damage. CVD remains the leading cause of death worldwide. 
  • 289
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
STAT Activation and Signaling
There is a significant body of evidence that has demonstrated that Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) play a critical role in ovarian cancer progression. The STAT family is comprised of seven distinct proteins, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5A and 5B, and STAT6. The structure among STAT proteins remains highly conserved, with all STAT proteins encoding a coiled-coil (CC) domain, a DNA-binding (DB) domain, and a SRC homology 2 (SH2) domain.
  • 395
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Halal Bioactive Materials for Intelligent Food Packaging Indicator
By incorporating halal bioactive materials into the packaging system, it becomes possible to interact with the contents and surrounding environment of halal food products, helping preserve them for longer periods. One particularly promising avenue of research is the use of natural colourants as halal bioactive materials.
  • 427
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Insulin Resistance
Insulin resistance (IR) is commonly observed during aging and is at the root of many of the chronic nontransmissible diseases experienced as people grow older. Many factors may play a role in causing IR, but diet is undoubtedly an important one. Whether it is total caloric intake or specific components of the diet, the factors responsible remain to be confirmed. Of the many dietary influences that may play a role in aging-related decreased insulin sensitivity, advanced glycation end products (AGEs) appear particularly important.
  • 336
  • 28 Jun 2023
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