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Topic Review
Structure of Blood–Brain Barrier and Substance Transportation
The complex structure of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which blocks nearly all large biomolecules, hinders drug delivery to the brain and drug assessment, thus decelerating drug development. Conventional in vitro models of BBB cannot mimic some crucial features of BBB in vivo including a shear stress environment and the interaction between different types of cells. There is a great demand for a new in vitro platform of BBB that can be used for drug delivery studies.
  • 744
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Structure Dynamics and Signaling of the Neurokinin-1 Receptor
Substance P (SP), the first isolated neuropeptide, belongs to the family of tachykinin peptides and is the natural ligand of neurokinin-1 receptors (NK-1R), also named SP receptors. The undecapeptide activates the receptor after specifically binding to the protein and triggers intracellular signals leading to different biochemical events and subsequent physiological responses. 
  • 379
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Structure Character and Mechanism of PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras
The PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras (PROTACs) is an innovative technique for the selective degradation of target proteins via the ubiquitin–proteasome system. Compared with traditional protein inhibitor drugs, PROTACs exhibit advantages in the efficacy and selectivity of and in overcoming drug resistance in cancer therapy, providing new insights into the discovery of anti-cancer drugs.
  • 511
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Properties of Mycosporine-like Amino Acids
Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), are secondary metabolites, first reported in 1960 and found to be associated with the light-stimulated sporulation in terrestrial fungi. MAAs are nitrogenous, low molecular weight, water soluble compounds, which are highly stable with cyclohexenone or cycloheximine rings to store the free radicals. Microalgae are considered as a good source of different kinds of MAAs, which in turn, has its own applications in various industries due to its UV absorbing, anti-oxidant and therapeutic properties. Microalgae can be easily cultivated and requires a short generation time, which makes them environment friendly source of biomolecules such as mycosporine-like amino acids. Modifying the cultural conditions along with manipulation of genes associated with mycosporine-like amino acids biosynthesis can help to enhance MAAs synthesis and, in turn, can make microalgae suitable bio-refinery for large scale MAAs production.
  • 805
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Structure and Properties of Glucansucrase
Glucansucrase (GS) belongs to the GH70 family, which not only can synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPSs) with different physicochemical properties through glucosyl transglycosylation (by hydrolyzing sucrose) but can also produce oligosaccharides. 
  • 734
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Physiological Activities of Anthocyanins
Anthocyanidin is a kind of water-soluble natural pigment that widely exists in natural plants. Like other natural flavonoids, anthocyanin has a C6-C3-C6 carbon skeleton. Due to the different carbon substituents (-OH, -OCH3) on the B ring, different types of anthocyanins were derived. The six common anthocyanins were Pelargonidin (Pg), Cyanidin (Cy), Delphinidin (Dp), Peonidin (Pn), Petunidin (Pt), and Malvidin (Mv). In addition to giving food a variety of bright colors, anthocyanin also has important biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging effects, among others. A large number of studies have shown that dietary anthocyanins have a good preventive effect on cardiovascular diseases.
  • 3.8K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Konjac Glucomannan
Konjac glucomannan (KGM), can not only be applied as a food additive, which greatly improves the taste and flavor of food and extends the shelf life of food but also occupies an important role in T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus). KGM can extend gastric emptying time, increase satiety, and promote liver glycogen synthesis, and also has the potential to improve intestinal flora and the metabolic system through a variety of molecular pathways in order to positively regulate oxidative stress and immune inflammation, and protect the liver and kidneys.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Structure and Function of UHRF1
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and its incidence and mortality are increasing each year. Improved therapeutic strategies against cancer have progressed, but remain insufficient to invert this trend. Along with several other risk factors, abnormal genetic and epigenetic regulations play a critical role in the initiation of cellular transformation, as well as tumorigenesis. The epigenetic regulator UHRF1 (ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains 1) is a multidomain protein with oncogenic abilities overexpressed in most cancers. Through the coordination of its multiple domains and other epigenetic key players, UHRF1 regulates DNA methylation and histone modifications. This well-coordinated dialogue leads to the silencing of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) and facilitates tumor cells’ resistance toward anticancer drugs, ultimately promoting apoptosis escape and uncontrolled proliferation. Several studies have shown that the downregulation of UHRF1 with natural compounds in tumor cells induces the reactivation of various TSGs, inhibits cell growth, and promotes apoptosis.
  • 455
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Structure and Function of Peroxiredoxin IV
Peroxiredoxin IV (Prx4) is a 2-Cysteine peroxidase with ubiquitous expression in human tissues. Prx4 scavenges hydrogen peroxide and participates in oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, Prx4 is secreted outside the cell. Prx4 is upregulated in several cancers and is a potential therapeutic target. Here, the resarchers have summarized the structure and function of Prx4. Oxidative stress is known to activate pro-inflammatory pathways. Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for cancer development. Hence, redox enzymes such as Prx4 are important players in the crosstalk between inflammation and cancer. Understanding molecular mechanisms of regulation of Prx4 expression and associated signaling pathways in normal physiological and disease conditions should reveal new therapeutic strategies. Although Prx4 is a promising therapeutic target for inflammatory diseases and cancer, further research needs to be conducted to bridge the gap to clinical application. 
  • 495
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Structure and Function of Microbial Lipases
Lipases or triacylglycerol acyl hydrolases (EC 3.1.1.3) are ubiquitous in all realms of life. In nature, they are mainly characterized by catalyzing the hydrolysis of triglycerides and long-chain partial glycerides, releasing fatty acids, monoglycerides and glycerol. These enzymes constitute a key link in the cellular processes related to the absorption, release and metabolism of fats, since its substrates and derivatives are the most abundant lipids in cells. On the other hand, some lipases have also been attributed functions as defense enzymes or as virulence factors.  The main aspects of the structure–function of microbial lipases, reviewed more extensively in other articles, will be summarized in a general way, but, here, emphasis will be placed on aspects to be discussed in later sections such as their immobilization and applications in reactions of interest in the production of compounds related to APIs.
  • 1.5K
  • 21 Sep 2022
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