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Topic Review
Mangrove Swamp Rice Production in Guinea-Bissau
Rice (Oryza sativa L. and O. glaberrima) is one of the most important staple foods on the Asian, African, and American continents. The rice crop grows primarily in the humid and seasonally dry tropics of the world, in most cases with irrigation or freshwater harvesting systems. The mangrove swamp rice production (MSRP) refers to rice cultivation in former mangrove soils that have been anthropogenically modified for rice production in west Africa.
  • 236
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Recovering Bioactive Compounds from Plant Waste
Agro-industrial wastes are suitable as cost-effective sources of various health-promoting molecules at significant concentrations. lnvestigating new methods for converting them into high-value-added compounds is crucial for the sustainable development goals. 
  • 120
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Host Immune Responses to Trypanosomes
The mammalian host’s innate and adaptive immune systems are both key to successfully resisting or controlling trypanosomosis. When trypanosomes are inoculated into the mammalian hosts by a blood-feeding insect such as a tsetse fly, the first contact between the trypanosome and host occurs in the skin. Here, a chancre often develops at the dermal inoculation site. Intense innate immune reactions, cellular reactions, and edema formation accompany these chancres. Thereafter, parasites start to circulate through the blood or lymph, invading lymphatic tissues and various organs. There, the trypanosomes again encounter various innate immune components before being confronted with the adaptive immune system. Once entered into the circulation stage of infection, trypanosomes are going to encounter responses from macrophages and B cells, as well as the T helper compartment that links these two.
  • 138
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Interconnection between Inflammation, Epigenetics and Nutrition in Cancer
Inflammation is a key contributor to both the initiation and progression of tumors, and it can be triggered by genetic instability within tumors, as well as by lifestyle and dietary factors. The inflammatory response plays a critical role in the genetic and epigenetic reprogramming of tumor cells, as well as in the cells that comprise the tumor microenvironment. Cells in the microenvironment acquire a phenotype that promotes immune evasion, progression, and metastasis.
  • 127
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Pharmacological Properties of Gentiopicroside In Vivo
Gentiopicroside (GPS) is a leading component of several plant species from the Gentianaceae botanical family. As a compound with plenty of biological activities and a component of herbal drugs, GPS has an important role in the regulation of physiological processes in humans. The results of recently published scientific studies underline a meaningful role of this molecule as an active factor in metabolic pathways and mechanisms, which may have an influence in the treatment of different diseases, including digestive tract disorders, malignant changes, neurological disorders, microbial infections, bone formation disorders, inflammatory conditions, and others.
  • 243
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Neural Circuitry Plasticity in SDH during Pain Pathogenesis
Pathological pain emerges from nociceptive system dysfunction, resulting in heightened pain circuit activity. Various forms of circuitry plasticity, such as central sensitization, synaptic plasticity, homeostatic plasticity, and excitation/inhibition balance, contribute to the malfunction of neural circuits during pain pathogenesis. A new form of plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH), named neural circuit polarization (NCP), was discovered in pain models induced by HIV-1 gp120 and chronic morphine administration. NCP manifests as an increase in excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in excitatory neurons and a decrease in EPSCs in inhibitory neurons, presumably facilitating hyperactivation of pain circuits. The expression of NCP is associated with astrogliosis. Ablation of reactive astrocytes or suppression of astrogliosis blocks NCP and, concomitantly, the development of gp120- or morphine-induced pain.
  • 217
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Heat Stress Tolerance in Cowpea
Heat stress is often described as a condition of high temperatures that are sufficient to cause permanent damage to plant processes, including shortening the time for photosynthetic contribution to seed production. Heat stress on most plants can impact functions through the direct effects of high tissue temperature or the indirect consequences of the high evaporative demand accompanying hot weather. Understanding the impact of heat stress is crucial for plant breeding because it relates to key adaptive, biochemical, morphological, physiological, and reproductive processes. Despite its ability to thrive in high-temperature environments, cowpea productivity can be hampered by heat stress, particularly when night air temperatures exceed 17 °C. The crop’s germplasm pool potentially possesses significant genetic variability that can be harnessed to breed for heat-tolerant varieties. 
  • 175
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Predatory and Defensive Strategies in Cone Snails
Cone snails are specialized carnivorous marine mollusks that can be found in coral reef areas, from shallow intertidal to deeper waters, and spread across the tropical Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. They are classified as gastropods within the Conidae family, which feature hollow radular teeth and venom glands. They use a complex venom mixture to paralyze and hunt fish, mollusks, and worms.
  • 117
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Impact of Early-Life Cecal Microbiota Transplantation in Chickens
Injurious behaviors (i.e., aggressive pecking, feather pecking, and cannibalism) in laying hens are a critical issue facing the egg industry due to increased social stress and related health and welfare issues as well as economic losses. In humans, stress-induced dysbiosis increases gut permeability, releasing various neuroactive factors, causing neuroinflammation and related neuropsychiatric disorders via the microbiota–gut–brain axis, and consequently increasing the frequency and intensity of aggression and violent behaviors. Restoration of the imbalanced gut microbial composition has become a novel treatment strategy for mental illnesses, such as depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, impulsivity, and compulsivity. A similar function of modulating gut microbial composition following stress challenge may be present in egg-laying chickens. 
  • 122
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Obesity
The increased prevalence of obesity and several other metabolic disorders, including diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, has reached global pandemic proportions. Lifestyle changes may result in a persistent positive energy balance, hastening the onset of these age-related disorders and consequently leading to a diminished lifespan. Although suggestions have been raised on the possible link between obesity and the gut microbiota, progress has been hampered due to the extensive diversity and complexities of the gut microbiota. Being recognized as a potential biomarker owing to its pivotal role in metabolic activities, the dysregulation of the gut microbiota can give rise to a persistent low-grade inflammatory state associated with chronic diseases during aging.
  • 126
  • 06 Mar 2024
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