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Topic Review
Microbial Biofilms
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that grow on surfaces and are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. These are prevalent in various natural and man-made environments, ranging from industrial settings to medical devices, where they can have both positive and negative impacts.
  • 487
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Applications of CRISPR-Cas9 System
The CRISPR system was initially identified in the DNA sequences of Escherichia coli bacteria and was described in Osaka University (Japan) in 1987. However, it was not until 2007 that the potential of the CRISPR system for gene editing was realized when the first experimental information about the mechanism of action of the CRISPR system was obtained by two French food scientists named Rodolphe Barrangou and Philippe Horvath working with yogurt cultures of bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus for the Danish company Danisco.
  • 532
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Inhibition of Cancer Development by Natural Plant Polyphenols
Plant polyphenols are one of the largest groups of secondary metabolites—it includes around 8000 compounds with different structures. Polyphenols may vary significantly by their chemical structure and molecular weight, but they always include at least one aromatic ring and hydroxyl group.
  • 347
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Role of sPLA2-IIA in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases
Host molecules with antimicrobial properties belong to a large family of mediators including type-IIA secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2-IIA). The latter is a potent bactericidal agent with high selectivity against Gram-positive bacteria, but it may also play a role in modulating the host inflammatory response. However, several pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or toxins produced by pathogenic bacteria can modulate the levels of sPLA2-IIA by either inducing or inhibiting its expression in host cells.
  • 253
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nectria pseudotrichia Associated with Camellia Canker Disease
Camellia japonica is a native tree species with high economic value that is widely cultivated in southern China. Canker disease was a serious threat to the growth of camellia trees. However, the pathogen causing this disease in China has not yet been reported. 
  • 418
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Rice–Aquatic Species Integration System (RASp)
To ensure the sustainability of rice production and uplift the livelihoods of rice growers, agricultural diversification becomes imperative. By diversifying agricultural practices, farmers can strike a balance between rice cultivation and other crops, mitigating the environmental impacts of excessive input usage. Implementing innovative techniques, such as integrating rice with aquatic species (RASp), can optimize resource utilization and reduce reliance on vast amounts of water and synthetic inputs. Rice–aquatic species integration is a form of intensification where rice (R) remains the primary crop while aquatic species (ASp) become secondary products. This integration empowers efficient water use, offering a solution for sustainable food production. RASp presents an innovative and holistic farming system that harnesses the ecological synergies between rice and aquatic species to optimize resource utilization, enhance productivity, and mitigate environmental impacts.
  • 199
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Probiotics in European Sea Bass Aquaculture
European sea bass production has increased. This increase is associated with an annually rising demand for sea bass, which encourages the aquaculture industries to increase their production to meet that demand. However, this intensification has repercussions on the animals, causing stress that is usually accompanied by dysbiosis, low feed-conversion rates, and immunodepression, among other factors. Therefore, the appearance of pathogenic diseases is common in these industries after immunodepression. Seeking to enhance animal welfare, researchers have focused on alternative approaches such as probiotic application. The use of probiotics in European sea bass production is presented as an ecological, safe, and viable alternative in addition to enhancing different host parameters such as growth performance, feed utilization, immunity, disease resistance, and fish survival against different pathogens through inclusion in fish diets through vectors and/or in water columns. 
  • 200
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nematode Communities and Soil Health under Climate Change
Soil health is intimately intertwined with ecosystem services. Climate change negatively impacts ecosystem functioning, by altering carbon and nitrogen biogeochemical cycles and shifting nutrient bioavailability, thus hampering food production and exacerbating biodiversity loss. Soil ecosystem services are provided by belowground biota, and as the most abundant metazoans on Earth, nematodes are key elements of soil food webs and reliable bioindicators of soil health. 
  • 489
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
CMGC Kinases in Health and Cancer
CMGC kinases, encompassing cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), glycogen synthase kinases (GSKs), and CDC-like kinases (CLKs), play pivotal roles in cellular signaling pathways, including cell cycle regulation, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and gene expression regulation. The dysregulation and aberrant activation of these kinases have been implicated in cancer development and progression, making them attractive therapeutic targets. Kinase inhibitors targeting CMGC kinases, such as CDK4/6 inhibitors and BRAF/MEK inhibitors, have demonstrated clinical success in treating specific cancer types.
  • 310
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Autophagy
The coronavirus disease pandemic, which profoundly reshaped the world in 2019 (COVID-19), has affected over 200 countries, caused over 500 million cumulative cases, and claimed the lives of over 6.4 million people worldwide as of August 2022. The causative agent is severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Depicting this virus’ life cycle and pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the cellular host factors and pathways involved during infection, has great relevance for the development of therapeutic strategies. Autophagy is a catabolic process that sequesters damaged cell organelles, proteins, and external invading microbes, and delivers them to the lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy would be involved in the entry, endo, and release, as well as the transcription and translation, of the viral particles in the host cell.
  • 354
  • 01 Aug 2023
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